Effects of Prices on Youth Cigarette Smoking and Tobacco Use Initiation in Ghana and Nigeria

Background: Population growth in the African region is set to outpace the rate of decline in smoking prevalence, leading to a projected increase in the total number of smokers. As most tobacco users initiate during their adolescent years, tobacco prevention strategies targeting youth will be particularly important. Methods: This study estimated the impact of cigarette prices on youth cigarette smoking and tobacco use initiation in Ghana and Nigeria using the Global Youth Tobacco Survey data. First, we used cross-section data and logit models to estimate the effects of prices on youth cigarette smoking. Second, we created pseudo longitudinal data and used continuous-time hazard models to evaluate the impact of cigarette prices on tobacco use initiation. Results: We found that higher cigarette prices decreased both 30-day cigarette smoking and tobacco use onset significantly in both Ghana and Nigeria. Additionally, the price elasticity of cigarette smoking and tobacco use initiation ranged from −0.44 to −1.13, and −1.04 to −3.66, respectively. Conclusions: As one of the first studies on youth tobacco consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa, this study strongly suggests that policies that increase real cigarette prices can lower both cigarette smoking and tobacco use initiation among youth in Ghana and Nigeria.

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The impact of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0260415 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (12) ◽

pp. e0260415

Author(s):

Cuong Viet Nguyen ◽

Thu Thi Le ◽

Nguyen Hanh Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Smoking Prevalence ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Cigarette Price ◽

Effective Measure ◽

The Real ◽

Percent Increase ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact ◽

Cigarette Prices

Vietnam is one of countries with the highest number of smokers in the world and the high smoking prevalence among men in the region. Although the real cigarette prices increased by around 4% during the 2010–2015 period, the prevalence of daily cigarette smoking among men decreased slightly from 31.3% to 30.7% during this period. This raises the question of whether cigarette consumption is sensitive to price. In this study, we estimated the effect of cigarette prices on smoking participation and tobacco expenditure in Vietnam. We found that a one-percent increase in the real cigarette price reduced the probability of cigarette smoking among males by 0.08 percentage points (95% CI from -0.06 to -0.10), equivalent to the price elasticity of the smoking prevalence at -0.26 (95% CI from -0.16% to -0.33%). Using this estimate, we predict that if the cigarette price is increased by 10%, the daily cigarette smoking prevalence among men would decrease from 30.7% to 29.9% and the number of male smokers would decline by around 270 thousand. Higher cigarette prices also reduced per capita tobacco expenditure of households. A one-percent increase in the cigarette price decreased per capita expenditure on tobacco consumption expenditure of households by 0.43 percent (the 95% CI from -0.029 to 0.822). This finding suggests that raising tobacco taxes and prices can be an effective measure to reduce tobacco use.

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Effects of global and domestic tobacco control policies on cigarette consumption per capita: an evaluation using monthly data in China

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025092 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. e025092 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Xiaoxin Xu ◽

Xiulan Zhang ◽

Teh Wei Hu ◽

Leonard S Miller ◽

Mengnan Xu

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Control ◽

National Policy ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Cigarette Consumption ◽

Policy Changes ◽

Control Policies ◽

Tobacco Control Policies ◽

Per Capita ◽

The Impact ◽

Cigarette Prices

IntroductionChina consumes 44% of the world’s cigarettes. Robust tobacco control measures are needed to contain the trend of increasing cigarette consumption. This paper examines the effectiveness of policy interventions introduced in China on reducing the country’s tobacco use.MethodsThe paper uses data on China’s monthly cigarette consumption per capita from January 2000 to June 2017 to estimate the impact of specific policies on China’s tobacco consumption. Tobacco consumption is calculated from monthly sales data from the China National Tobacco Corporation and demographic data from the China National Bureau of Statistics. The policies studied include the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), national tobacco-related policy changes and two tobacco tax increases implemented in China during the study period. Segmented regression analysis is used to estimate the immediate effects of the policies studied and changes in the time trends resulted from these policy changes.FindingsThe impact of national policy changes in China is almost 20 times greater than the impact of the WHO FCTC treaty itself, and national policy changes in tobacco control are a determining factor in reversing the trend of increasing tobacco consumption in China. The 2015 tax increase, which raised retail cigarette prices, produced both immediate and trend effects, with a total incremental effect 7.8 times that of the 2009 tax increase, which did not result in higher cigarette prices for the consumer.InterpretationsTranslating global tobacco control policies into domestic policies will generate a much greater impact on reducing average cigarette consumption, and tobacco taxes that are reflected in the retail prices of cigarettes will be more effective in reducing cigarette consumption.

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Early estimates of COVID-19 infections in small, medium and large population clusters

BMJ Global Health ◽

10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003055 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. e003055

Author(s):

Amir Siraj ◽

Alemayehu Worku ◽

Kiros Berhane ◽

Maru Aregawi ◽

Munir Eshetu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Large Population ◽

Face Mask ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Contact Tracing ◽

Local Context ◽

African Region ◽

Social Distancing ◽

Population Sizes ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Impact

IntroductionSince its emergence in late December 2019, COVID-19 has rapidly developed into a pandemic in mid of March with many countries suffering heavy human loss and declaring emergency conditions to contain its spread. The impact of the disease, while it has been relatively low in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as of May 2020, is feared to be potentially devastating given the less developed and fragmented healthcare system in the continent. In addition, most emergency measures practised may not be effective due to their limited affordability as well as the communal way people in SSA live in relative isolation in clusters of large as well as smaller population centres.MethodsTo address the acute need for estimates of the potential impacts of the disease once it sweeps through the African region, we developed a process-based model with key parameters obtained from recent studies, taking local context into consideration. We further used the model to estimate the number of infections within a year of sustained local transmissions under scenarios that cover different population sizes, urban status, effectiveness and coverage of social distancing, contact tracing and usage of cloth face mask.ResultsWe showed that when implemented early, 50% coverage of contact tracing and face mask, with 33% effective social distancing policies can bringing the epidemic to a manageable level for all population sizes and settings we assessed. Relaxing of social distancing in urban settings from 33% to 25% could be matched by introduction and maintenance of face mask use at 43%.ConclusionsIn SSA countries with limited healthcare workforce, hospital resources and intensive care units, a robust system of social distancing, contact tracing and face mask use could yield in outcomes that prevent several millions of infections and thousands of deaths across the continent.

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Knowledge impact of a US-based tobacco prevention curriculum among Tanzanian children

Health Education Journal ◽

10.1177/0017896917715046 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 76 (7) ◽

pp. 802-808 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paige St Germain ◽

Frances L Lucas ◽

Miriam J Williams Wilson ◽

Bertha Tsingay A Maegga ◽

Susan Miesfeldt

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Health Risks ◽

Low Income ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Tobacco Prevention ◽

Tobacco Exposure ◽

Initial Exposure ◽

Survey Responses ◽

The Impact

Purpose: Tobacco use is a major public health issue in developing countries, with substantial initial exposure in childhood. School-based educational resources promise to reduce tobacco initiation and experimentation among children from low-income countries. Research in this area is scant. The study goal was to test the impact of an evidence-based US educational resource on tobacco-use health risk knowledge among Tanzanian children. Methods: Eglin Long-Horn of Nightshade County is a potentially transferable children’s storybook/curriculum focused on reducing tobacco-use intent. A pre-/post-survey assessed the impact of ‘Eglin’ on knowledge of tobacco exposure health risks among secondary school-age residents of a Tanzanian children’s home. Results: Of the 52 participants, 35 returned both surveys. School grade ranged from Forms 1 to 4, with 51% in Forms 1–2 (ages 14–15). There was an overall increase from 60% to 93% ( p < .0001) in correct survey responses, with an increase seen in all grade levels. Conclusion: A US-based tobacco awareness storybook/curriculum improved Tanzanian children’s knowledge of tobacco-use health risks.

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Impact of Tobacco Expenditure on Household Spending Patterns in Kenya

European Scientific Journal ESJ ◽

10.19044/esj.2020.v16n31p260 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (31) ◽

Author(s):

Peter Magati ◽

Leopold Mureithi ◽

Wilfred Nyangena

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Poverty Alleviation ◽

Geographical Location ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Household Spending ◽

Engel Curves ◽

Goods And Services ◽

Spending Patterns ◽

The Impact ◽

Per Capita Consumption

Despite measures to control tobacco use in Kenya, there is still an increasing importance in the use of tobacco. This is seen by the growth in per capita consumption over time. Tobacco, being an addictive product, creates a situation where consumers allocate part of their resources towards its consumption and therefore positions the use of tobacco as an important expenditure decision in households in Kenya. Due to budget constraints faced by households in Kenya, tobacco consumption may crowd out consumption of essential goods and services. This paper therefore focuses on the impact of tobacco expenditure on household spending patterns in Kenya. Using the 2005/2006 Kenya Integrated Household and Budget survey, a Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System was used to estimate a system of Engel curves to check whether the differences in expenditure between the two types of households is as a result of tobacco use or not. Results suggest that tobacco crowds out the consumption of food, health care, schooling, clothing, entertainment, house care, and personal care. Geographical location and socio-economic standing of households have a significant influence on the magnitude and pattern of crowding out. The policy implication of this finding is that tobacco control should be an integral part of governments’ poverty alleviation strategy.

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Mean Corpuscular Volume as a Prognostic Factor for Patients With Habitual Alcohol or Tobacco Use After Esophagectomy

Frontiers in Oncology ◽

10.3389/fonc.2021.752229 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Shu-jie Huang ◽

Peng-fei Zhan ◽

Shao-bin Chen

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Mean Corpuscular Volume ◽

Multivariate Analyses ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Corpuscular Volume ◽

Poor Survival ◽

Cancer Specific Survival ◽

Multiple Primary Malignancies ◽

Multiple Primary ◽

The Impact

BackgroundThe goal of this study was to investigate the impact of mean corpuscular volume (MCV) in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who underwent surgical resection.MethodsA total of 615 patients with ESCC who underwent esophagectomy were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups according to the standard MCV: the high MCV group (>100 fl) and the low MCV group (≤100 fl). Survival analyses were performed to calculate overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) and investigate the independent prognostic factors.ResultsFifty-one patients (8.3%) were in the high MCV group, and the other 564 patients (91.7%) were defined as the low MCV group. MCV was significantly correlated with sex, habitual alcohol or tobacco use, tumor length, body mass index, and multiple primary malignancies (P < 0.05). Elevated MCV was significantly correlated with poor survival in univariate and multivariate analyses. However, in subgroup analyses, MCV was found to be correlated with survival only in patients with alcohol or tobacco consumption and not in patients without alcohol or tobacco consumption.ConclusionsPretreatment MCV was correlated with survival in ESCC patients after esophagectomy. However, its prognostic value might only exist in patients with alcohol or tobacco consumption.

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Global Study on Tobacco Use among Youth in the Kyrgyz Republic Republic (GYTS, 2019)

Russian Pulmonology ◽

10.18093/0869-0189-2020-30-3-270-277 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 270-277

Author(s):

A. G. Polupanov ◽

A. A. Tolebaeva ◽

I. S. Sabirov ◽

A. T. Altymysheva ◽

A. I. Sabirova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Smokeless Tobacco ◽

Electronic Cigarettes ◽

Statistical Processing ◽

Tobacco Consumption ◽

Kyrgyz Republic ◽

Street Vendor ◽

Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Passive Smoker

The aim of the study was to assess the situation related to tobacco consumption among adolescents aged 13 – 15 in the Kyrgyz Republic.Materials and Methods. The study used a two-stage selection of schoolchildren in grades 7 – 9 (teenagers 13 – 15 years old) to conduct the survey. At the 1st stage, information was collected about all schools of the republic, where children of the target group study. the schools in which the survey was subsequently conducted were selected by the statistical sampling method according to the number of students in grades 7 – 9. The grades whose students participated in the questionnaire were set at stage 2 by random sampling in each school The survey includes 43 questions from the Standard main Questionnaire of the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) and 30 supplementary questions (73 in total) with multiple choice of answers. The statistical processing was performed using the SUDAAN software package (US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention); a 95% confidence interval was calculated to calculate weighted prevalence estimates and standard errors (SE).Results. The survey found that 6.0% of schoolchildren (9.5% of boys and 2.4% of girls) currently use various types of tobacco; 4.4% of schoolchildren currently use tobacco (6.8% of boys and 2.0% of girls); 2.4% of schoolchildren smoke cigarettes; 2.4% use smokeless tobacco, 2.8% use other tobacco products (hookah); 2.8% of schoolchildren smoke electronic cigarettes (3.9% of boys and 1.7% of girls). Tobacco use most often begins before age 7 or after age 12. 16.8% of schoolchildren are exposed to tobacco smoke at home, of which 14.2% are in closed places and 14.8% in open public places. 87.2% of schoolchildren purchase cigarettes in a shop, kiosk, from a street vendor, and in the market. During the visit to the point of sale 26.7% noticed tobacco advertising and promotions; 49.7% saw anti-tobacco messages in the mass media. Definitely think that smoking tobacco by other people is bad for them, 71.2% of schoolchildren.Conclusion. A high percentage of teenagers consuming e-cigarettes, hookah, and smokeless tobacco products has been noted, although > 50% of them are aware of the dangers of tobacco use. Every 6th student is a passive smoker. The vast majority of schoolchildren aged 13 – 15 who try to quit smoking do not receive professional help in quitting tobacco use, and are exposed to protobacco media marketing campaigns.

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Tobacco use among School-going Adolescents in Comoros: A Secondary Analysis of the 2015 Comoros Global Youth Tobacco Survey.

10.21203/rs.3.rs-838524/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Bai James ◽

Said Abasse Kassim ◽

John Alimamy Kabba ◽

Chenai Kitchen

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Tobacco Industry ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Current Cigarette Smoking ◽

Cigarette Tobacco ◽

Global Youth Tobacco Survey ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Current Cigarette

Abstract BackgroundTobacco use among adolescents has long term adverse health consequences, especially during adulthood. Currently, little is known about tobacco use behaviour among adolescents in Comoros. Our study aims to estimate the prevalence and identify key factors associated with tobacco use among adolescents in Comoros using the 2015 Comoros Global Youth Tobacco Survey data.MethodsNational cross-sectional survey data of 2,810 eligible school-going adolescents aged between 11-17 years were analysed. Complex sample logistic regression analyses to determine the correlates of current cigarette smoking and current use of non-cigarette tobacco products.ResultsThe overall prevalence of current cigarette smoking was 14.3% [males (18.5%), females (9.9%)]. The prevalence of current use of non-cigarette tobacco products was 5.8% [males (6.7%), females (4.9%)]. Being male (AOR=2.23;95%CI:1.38-3.59), exposure secondhand smoke within (AOR=3.869;95%CI:2.835-5.280)) and outside their home (AOR= 1.514; 95%CI: 1.100-2.084) and exposure to tobacco industry promotion (AOR=2.986; 95%CI:2.246-3.969) were predictors of current tobacco use among adolescents. Similarly, Exposure to tobacco industry promotion (AOR=.2.669;95%CI:1.610-4.425) were associated with non-cigarette tobacco use. Adolescents exposed to anti-smoking education in schools were less likely to use non-cigarette tobacco (AOR=0.523;95% CI:0.311-0.881) than those not exposed to anti-smoking education in schools.ConclusionOne in seven school-going adolescents smoke cigarettes, and approximately one in 20 school-going adolescents use non-cigarette tobacco products in Comoros. Exposure to secondhand smoke within and outside the home and exposure to tobacco industry promotion were associated with tobacco use in school-going adolescents in Comoros. Our findings suggest the need for adolescent-friendly gender-sensitive tobacco interventions, including strengthening existing tobacco control laws to prevent and reduce tobacco use among school-going adolescents in Comoros.

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Measuring progress in tobacco prevention and control: the role of surveillance

Salud Pública de México ◽

10.21149/8209 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 59 ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Indu B Ahluwalia ◽

René A Arrazola ◽

Corinne Graffunder

Keyword(s):

Cigarette Smoking ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Prevention And Control ◽

Tobacco Prevention ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Current Trends ◽

If Current ◽

And Control

Nearly six million people worldwide die from tobacco-attributable causes every year, making tobacco the leading cause of preventable disease and death. If current trends continue, tobacco use is expected to result in one billion deaths by the end of the century, most of these in low- and middle-income countries. Cigarette smoking is the most common form of tobacco use in most countries, and the majority of adult smokers try their first cigarette before the age of 18...

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Impact Study of Tobacco Possession Law Enforcement in Florida

Health Education & Behavior ◽

10.1177/109019810102800606 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 733-748 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

William C. Livingood ◽

Carolyn D. Woodhouse ◽

Judy Jopling Sayre ◽

Peter Wludyka

Keyword(s):

Law Enforcement ◽

Tobacco Use ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Tobacco Prevention ◽

Previous Decade ◽

Law Enforcement Officials ◽

Survey Results ◽

Youth Attitudes ◽

The Impact ◽

Enforcement Activity

This study of tobacco possession law enforcement was conducted in four selected counties in Florida, the first state to report statistically significant annual declines in youth tobacco use during the 1990s. The primary objective of this study was to assess the impact of possession enforcement on youth attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors by comparing results of a survey administered in high-enforcement counties with results from low-enforcement counties and by examining the survey results for relationships of tobacco use to perceptions and awareness of laws and enforcement activity. The survey was administered to a sample of 2,088 randomly selected youth, in conjunction with a qualitative study of law enforcement officials reported elsewhere. Findings indicate that possession enforcement, as a component of comprehensive tobacco control, appears to help reduce youth tobacco use and may be a critical component of the most successful youth tobacco prevention program, documented in the previous decade.

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