Epigenetic Regulation of HIV-1 Latency by Cytosine Methylation

AbstractEpimutations are heritable changes in gene function due to loss or gain of DNA cytosine methylation or chromatin modifications without changes in the DNA sequence. Only a few natural epimutations displaying discernible phenotypes are documented in plants. Here, we report natural epimutations in the cadastral gene, SUPERMAN(SUP), showing striking phenotypes despite normal transcription, discovered in a natural tetraploid, and subsequently in eleven diploid Arabidopsis genetic accessions. This natural lois lane(lol) epialleles behave as recessive mendelian alleles displaying a spectrum of silent to strong superwoman phenotypes affecting only the carpel whorl, in contrast to semi-dominant superman or supersex features manifested by induced epialleles which affect both stamen and carpel whorls. Despite its unknown origin, natural lol epialleles are subjected to the same epigenetic regulation as induced clk epialleles. The existence of superwoman epialleles in diverse wild populations is interpreted in the light of the evolution of unisexuality in plants.

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Epigenetic Regulation of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) Release in Human Macrophages by HIV-1 Single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) Is Dependent on TLR8 Signaling

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1074/jbc.m112.342683 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 287 (17) ◽

pp. 13778-13786 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Xinbing Han ◽

Xin Li ◽

Simon C. Yue ◽

Asha Anandaiah ◽

Falah Hashem ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tumor Necrosis Factor ◽

Epigenetic Regulation ◽

Tumor Necrosis ◽

Tumor Necrosis Factor Α ◽

Human Macrophages ◽

Factor Α ◽

Hiv 1 ◽

Necrosis Factor

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Epigenetic regulation of HIV-1 latency: focus on polycomb group (PcG) proteins

Clinical Epigenetics ◽

10.1186/s13148-018-0441-z ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Sheraz Khan ◽

Mazhar Iqbal ◽

Muhammad Tariq ◽

Shahid M. Baig ◽

Wasim Abbas

Keyword(s):

Epigenetic Regulation ◽

Polycomb Group ◽

Hiv 1

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Epigenetic regulation during mammalian oogenesis

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rd07181 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 74 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

John Bromfield ◽

Will Messamore ◽

David F. Albertini

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Epigenetic Regulation ◽

Cytosine Methylation ◽

Focal Point ◽

Epigenetic Modification ◽

Clear Understanding ◽

Disease States ◽

New Frontier ◽

Reproductive Techniques ◽

Differential Gene

The advent of the epigenetic era has sparked a new frontier in molecular research and the understanding of how development can be regulated beyond direct alterations of the genome. Thus far, the focal point of epigenetic regulation during development has been chromatin modifications that control differential gene expression by DNA methylation and histone alterations. But what of events that alter gene expression without direct influence on the DNA itself? The present review focuses on epigenetic pathways regulating development from oogenesis to organogenesis and back that do not involve methylation of cytosine in DNA. We discuss target components of epigenetic modification such as organelle development, compartmentalisation of maternal factors and molecular mediators in the oocyte and how these factors acting during oogenesis impact on later development. Epigenetic regulation of development, be it via cytosine methylation or not, has wide-ranging effects on the subsequent success of a pregnancy and the intrinsic health of offspring. Perturbations in epigenetic regulation have been clearly associated with disease states in adult offspring, including Type II diabetes, hypertension, cancers and infertility. A clear understanding of all epigenetic mechanisms is paramount when considering the increased use of assisted reproductive techniques and the risks associated with their use.

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Epigenetic regulation of telomerase expression in HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells

AIDS ◽

10.1097/qad.0b013e32833c7170 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 24 (12) ◽

pp. 1964-1966 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Katie Williams ◽

Katherine Seiss ◽

Jill Beamon ◽

Florencia Pereyra ◽

Eric S Rosenberg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Epigenetic Regulation ◽

Cd8 T Cells ◽

Hiv 1

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CpG Methylation Profiles of HIV-1 Pro-Viral DNA in Individuals on ART

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13050799 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 799

Author(s):

Valerie F. Boltz ◽

Cristina Ceriani ◽

Jason W. Rausch ◽

Wei Shao ◽

Michael J. Bale ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cytosine Methylation ◽

Mononuclear Cells ◽

Cell Clone ◽

Cpg Methylation ◽

Viral Dna ◽

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽

T Cell Clone ◽

Latent Hiv ◽

Ltr Promoter ◽

Hiv 1

The latent HIV-1 reservoir is comprised of stably integrated and intact proviruses with limited to no viral transcription. It has been proposed that latent infection may be maintained by methylation of pro-viral DNA. Here, for the first time, we investigate the cytosine methylation of a replication competent provirus (AMBI-1) found in a T cell clone in a donor on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methylation profiles of the AMBI-1 provirus were compared to other proviruses in the same donor and in samples from three other individuals on ART, including proviruses isolated from lymph node mononuclear cells (LNMCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). We also evaluated the apparent methylation of cytosines outside of CpG (i.e., CpH) motifs. We found no evidence for methylation in AMBI-1 or any other provirus tested within the 5′ LTR promoter. In contrast, CpG methylation was observed in the env-tat-rev overlapping reading frame. In addition, we found evidence for differential provirus methylation in cells isolated from LNMCs vs. PBMCs in some individuals, possibly from the expansion of infected cell clones. Finally, we determined that apparent low-level methylation of CpH cytosines is consistent with occasional bisulfite reaction failures. In conclusion, our data do not support the proposition that latent HIV infection is associated with methylation of the HIV 5′ LTR promoter.

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Epigenetic responses of hare barley (Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum) to climate change: an experimental, trait-based approach

Heredity ◽

10.1038/s41437-021-00415-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Víctor Chano ◽

Tania Domínguez-Flores ◽

Maria Dolores Hidalgo-Galvez ◽

Jesús Rodríguez-Calcerrada ◽

Ignacio Manuel Pérez-Ramos

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Epigenetic Regulation ◽

Cytosine Methylation ◽

Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽

Future Climate Change ◽

Grass Species ◽

Climate Change Scenarios ◽

Change Models ◽

Hordeum Murinum ◽

The Impact

AbstractThe impact of reduced rainfall and increased temperatures forecasted by climate change models on plant communities will depend on the capacity of plant species to acclimate and adapt to new environmental conditions. The acclimation process is mainly driven by epigenetic regulation, including structural and chemical modifications on the genome that do not affect the nucleotide sequence. In plants, one of the best-known epigenetic mechanisms is cytosine-methylation. We evaluated the impact of 30% reduced rainfall (hereafter “drought” treatment; D), 3 °C increased air temperature (“warming”; W), and the combination of D and W (WD) on the phenotypic and epigenetic variability of Hordeum murinum subsp. leporinum L., a grass species of high relevance in Mediterranean agroforestry systems. A full factorial experiment was set up in a savannah-like ecosystem located in southwestern Spain. H. murinum exhibited a large phenotypic plasticity in response to climatic conditions. Plants subjected to warmer conditions (i.e., W and WD treatments) flowered earlier, and those subjected to combined stress (WD) showed a higher investment in leaf area per unit of leaf mass (i.e., higher SLA) and produced heavier seeds. Our results also indicated that both the level and patterns of methylation varied substantially with the climatic treatments, with the combination of D and W inducing a clearly different epigenetic response compared to that promoted by D and W separately. The main conclusion achieved in this work suggests a potential role of epigenetic regulation of gene expression for the maintenance of homoeostasis and functional stability under future climate change scenarios.

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