scholarly journals Role of Physical Activity and Exercise in Treating Patients with Overweight and Obesity

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M Jakicic ◽  
Renee J Rogers ◽  
Kelliann K Davis ◽  
Katherine A Collins
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Dietary Modification ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation ◽  
Lifestyle Behavior

Abstract BACKGROUND Overweight and obesity are significant public health concerns that are linked to numerous negative health consequences. Physical activity is an important lifestyle behavior that contributes to body weight regulation. CONTENT Physical activity is inversely associated with weight gain and the incidence of obesity. Physical activity also contributes to additional weight loss when coupled with dietary modification, and it can result in modest weight loss when not coupled with dietary modification. Moreover, physical activity is associated with improved long-term weight loss and prevention of weight gain following initial weight loss. Current evidence supports that physical activity should be moderate to vigorous in intensity to influence body weight regulation. There is also a growing body of evidence that physical activity can be accumulated throughout the day in shorter periods of time rather than being performed during a structured and longer period, and that physical activity performed in this manner can be important for body weight regulation. SUMMARY The literature supports the inclusion of physical activity as an important lifestyle behavior for regulating body weight. There are multiple intervention approaches that may be effective for enhancing physical activity engagement within the context of weight control.

scholarly journals An examination of maternal contributors and potential modifiers of fetal growth in pregnancy

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary M. Ferraro
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation ◽  
Fetal Outcomes ◽  
Igfbp 3

A greater understanding of critical periods of body weight regulation, including pregnancy, may aid in efforts to optimize weight management strategies for the mother and her baby. The gestational period has been implicated to play, in the child, a vital role in the developmental origins of obesity and other cardiometabolic diseases later in life. Therefore, we initially examined existing literature on the role of maternal obesity and its link to pediatric obesity and documented the known underlying physiological mechanisms responsible for this relationship, while suggesting potential intervention targets that may improve maternal–fetal outcomes. In a second paper, we aimed to quantify maternal predictors of large for gestational-age neonates in the Ottawa and Kingston birth cohort with specific hypotheses verifying the independent contribution of maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) to fetal overgrowth. This paper also highlighted the clinical utility of the revised 2009 Institute of Medicine GWG guidelines and discussed the potential role of physiological factors underlying the observed associations. As follow-ups to our population-level analysis, papers 3 and 4 highlighted how the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis, a vital regulator of growth and development, may be compromised at the molecular level in cases of maternal obesity (paper 3) and excessive GWG (paper 4). In paper 3, we showed that maternal obesity is associated with attenuated expression of IGF binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) in umbilical cord blood and discussed how this may preferentially promote fetal adipogenesis. The effects of excessive GWG on IGF axis protein expression were addressed in paper 4, where we showed that independent of prepregnancy BMI, excessive weight gain during pregnancy is associated with increased expression of IGFBP-3 in maternal circulation in normoglycemic term pregnancies. In that paper we discussed the potential inhibitory role of IGFBP-3 on adipogenesis and how it relates to glucose intolerance during pregnancy. Recognizing that both obesity and excessive GWG can alter physiological processes in a mother and her baby, we concluded that appropriate evidence-based interventions are warranted to best optimize outcomes. In paper 5, we discussed the results of a study that sought to assess patient information channels and knowledge of nutrition and physical activity during pregnancy. The intent was that these findings be applied to best-design efficacious strategies that cater to the needs of our target group of pregnant women. In our analysis we showed that the majority of pregnant women studied would be willing to participate in a lifestyle intervention for their own personal health and that of their child. Of great interest was the observation that most women were not informed of the importance of pregnancy-specific energy intake, or made aware of their own healthy GWG targets. Additionally, many of the respondents reported that they did not receive information that pertained to appropriate physical activity recommendations, even though the vast majority of participants considered this lifestyle modality to be safe during their pregnancy. Finally, in paper 6 we built on the results of our previous work and evaluated the risks and benefits of physical activity during pregnancy on maternal–fetal outcomes through a review of the literature and noted that engaging in nonsedentary pursuits during gestation may aid in maternal weight regulation, protect against metabolic disorders, and optimize neonatal birth weight and body composition. Overall, the collective nature of the papers presented in this dissertation provides qualitative and quantitative evidence to support not only the complexity of body weight regulation in the mother and her baby, but also highlights potential avenues for intervention that may improve maternal–fetal outcomes during this critical period.

MO704THE PROGNOSTIC IMPACT OF WEIGHT GAIN AFTER PERITONEAL DIALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Win Hlaing Than ◽  
Jack K C Ng ◽  
Gordon C K Chan ◽  
Winston Fung ◽  
Cheuk Chun Szeto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Patient Survival ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Technique Survival ◽  
Technique Failure

Abstract Background and Aims The prevalence of obesity has increased over the past decade in patients with End Stage Kidney Disease (ESKD). Obesity at the initiation of peritoneal dialysis (PD) was reported to adversely affect clinical outcomes. However, there are few studies on the prognostic relevance of weight gain after PD. Method We reviewed the change in body weight of 954 consecutive PD patients from the initiation of dialysis to 2 years after they remained on PD. Clinical outcomes including patient survival, technique survival, and peritonitis rate in the subsequent two years were reviewed. Results The mean age was 60.3 ± 12.2 years; 535 patients (56.1%) were men and 504 (52.8%) had diabetes. After the first 2 years on PD, the average change in body weight was 1.2± 5.1 kg; their body weight was 63.0 ± 13.3 kg; body mass index (BMI) 24.4 ± 4.4 kg/m2. The patient survival rates in the subsequent two years were 64.9%, 75.0%, and 78.9% (log rank test, p = 0.008) for patients with weight loss ≥3 kg during the first 2 years of PD weight change between -3 and +3 kg, and weight gain ≥3 kg, respectively. The corresponding technique survival rates in the subsequent two years were 93.1%, 90.1%, 91.3%, respectively (p = 0.110), and the peritonitis rates were 0.7±1.5, 0.6±1.7, and 0.6±1.1 episodes per patient-year, respectively (p = 0.3). When the actual BMI after the first 2 years of PD was categorized into underweight, normal weight, marginal overweight, overweight, and obesity groups, the patient survival rates in the subsequent two years were 77.3%, 75.2%, 73.3%, 74.3%, and 75.9%, respectively (p= 0.005), and technique survival 98.0%, 91.9%, 88.0%, 92.8%, and 81.0%, respectively (p= 0.001). After adjusting for confounding clinical factors by multivariate Cox regression models, weight gain ≥ 3kg during the first 2 years of PD was an independent protective factor for technique failure (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] 0.049; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.004-0.554, p = 0.015), but was an adverse predictor of patient survival (AHR 2.338, 95%CI 1.149-4.757, p = 0.019). In contrast, weight loss ≥ 3kg during the first 2 years of PD did not predict subsequent patient or technique survival. Conclusion Weight gain during the first 2 years of PD confers a significant risk of subsequent mortality but appears to be associated with a lower risk of technique failure. The mechanism of this discordant risk prediction deserves further study.

scholarly journals Perceptions about body weight and weight reduction in Spain

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Martinez-González ◽  
MIS Martín-Almendros ◽  
MJ Gibney ◽  
JM Kearney ◽  
JA Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
The North ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
Socioeconomic Levels

AbstractObjective:To assess the more prevalent beliefs about body weight and the factors involved in weight changes in the Spanish adult population.Design:A national survey was carried out according to an established protocol on Spanish subjects selected by a multistage procedure following a random route model, which was quota-controlled for several sociodemographic variables. This study was undertaken by the Spanish arm of a pan-European survey and was performed with a validated questionnaire. It contained questions to evaluate some aspects concerning the relationship between obesity, physical activity and health. We also estimated the proportion of self-reported overweight and obesity.Setting:Spain.Subjects:The sample included 1000 subjects aged 15 years or older.Results:Eleven per cent of the sample were obese (body mass index, BMI > 30 kg m-2) and an additional 32% were overweight (BMI > 25 and < 30 kg m-2). Obesity prevalence was higher among older individuals, those with lower education and socioeconomic levels, and among housewives and retired or unemployed people. Most Spanish people believed that fat intake (51%) and the amount of food consumption (44%) were the major factors involved in weight gain, while physical activity was less mentioned (12%). The method most frequently used to lose weight was diet (9%). Individuals from central and southern regions payed more attention to genetics (20–27%) and physical activity (12–20%) as determinants of weight gain than people living in the north or northwest regions (15–17% and 8–9%, respectively). Normal weight people participated more often in some physical activity during their leisure time.Conclusions:The Spanish population is not familiar with factors influencing weight gain. Health promotion strategies should emphasize the role of physical activity, especially among older individuals, retired or unemployed subjects, those from lower educational or socioeconomic levels and among people living in the north or northwest of Spain.

scholarly journals Dietary Isoflavone-Dependent and Estradiol Replacement Effects on Body Weight in the Ovariectomized (OVX) Rat

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (06) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Russell ◽  
Jamie Grimes ◽  
Danette Cruthirds ◽  
Joanna Westerfield ◽  
Lawren Wooten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation ◽  
Estradiol Treatment ◽  
Serum Leptin ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines

Abstract17β-Estradiol is known to regulate energy metabolism and body weight. Ovariectomy results in body weight gain while estradiol administration results in a reversal of weight gain. Isoflavones, found in rodent chow, can mimic estrogenic effects making it crucial to understand the role of these compounds on metabolic regulation. The goal of this study is to examine the effect of dietary isoflavones on body weight regulation in the ovariectomized rat. This study will examine how dietary isoflavones can interact with estradiol treatment to affect body weight. Consistent with previous findings, animals fed an isoflavone-rich diet had decreased body weight (p<0.05), abdominal fat (p<0.05), and serum leptin levels (p<0.05) compared to animals fed an isoflavone-free diet. Estradiol replacement resulted in decreased body weight (p<0.05), abdominal fat (p<0.05), and serum leptin (p<0.05). Current literature suggests the involvement of cytokines in the inflammatory response of body weight gain. We screened a host of cytokines and chemokines that may be altered by dietary isoflavones or estradiol replacement. Serum cytokine analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) diet-dependent increases in inflammatory cytokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine). The isoflavone-free diet in OVX rats resulted in the regulation of the following cytokines and chemokines: interleukin-10, interleukin-18, serum regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p<0.05). Overall, these results reveal that estradiol treatment can have differential effects on energy metabolism and body weight regulation depending on the presence of isoflavones in rodent chow.

Cholecystokinin and leptin act synergistically to reduce body weight

2000 ◽  
Vol 278 (4) ◽  
pp. R882-R890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire A. Matson ◽  
Dana F. Reid ◽  
Todd A. Cannon ◽  
Robert C. Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Central Action ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation ◽  
Obese Gene ◽  
Reduce Body Weight ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Peripheral Action

Leptin, the product of the obese gene, reduces food intake and body weight in rats and mice, whereas administration of the gut-peptide CCK reduces meal size but not body weight. In the current experiments, we report that repeated daily combination of intracerebroventricular leptin and intraperitoneal CCK results in significantly greater loss of body weight than does leptin alone. However, leptin plus CCK treatment does not synergistically reduce the size of individual 30-min sucrose meals during this period, and the effect of leptin-CCK combination on daily chow intake, while significant, is small compared with the robust effects on body weight loss. This synergistic effect on body weight loss depends on a peripheral action of CCK and a central action of leptin. These data suggest a previously unsuspected role for CCK in body weight regulation that may not depend entirely on reduction of feeding behavior and suggest a strategy for enhancing the effects of leptin in leptin-resistant obese individuals.

scholarly journals Macronutrient balances and obesity: the role of diet and physical activity

1999 ◽  
Vol 2 (3a) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arne Astrup
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
High Fat

AbstractObservational cross-sectional and longitudinal studies suggest that a high fat diet and physical inactivity are independent risk factors for weight gain and obesity. Mechanistic and intervention studies support that fat possesses a lower satiating power than carbohydrate and protein, and a diet low in fat therefore decreases energy intake. The effect of dietary fat on energy balance is enhanced in susceptible subjects, particularly in sedentary individuals with a genetic predisposition to obesity who consume a high fat diet.Dietary carbohydrate promotes its own oxidation by an insulin-mediated stimulation of glucose oxidation. In contrast, high fat meals do not increase fat oxidation acutely. A sedentary life-style and low physical fitness cause a low muscular fat oxidation capacity, and the consumption of a high fat diet by these individuals promotes fat storage in a synergistic fashion.Ad libitum low fat diets cause weight loss proportional to pre-treatment body weight in a dose-dependent way, i.e. weight loss is correlated positively to the reduction in dietary fat content. Increased physical activity prevents relapse after weight loss and studies have shown that those who keep up a higher level of physical activity are more successful in maintaining the reduced body weight. In conclusion, important interactions exist between genetic make up, dietary fat and physical fitness, so that a low fitness level and susceptible genes reduce muscular fat oxidation capacity which may decrease the tolerance of dietary fat. Increasing daily physical activity and reducing dietary fat content may be more effective when combined than when separate in preventing weight gain and obesity.

PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND BODY WEIGHT REGULATION IN DIFFERENT POPULATIONS867

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
D. R. Seals ◽  
J. O. Hill ◽  
K. P. Davy ◽  
C. L. Melby ◽  
T. J. Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Regulation ◽  
Body Weight Regulation
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