‘When the music ends it stays in the brain’: Agency and embodiment in young children’s engagements with recorded music in preschool

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Gluschankof

Listening to recorded music is ubiquitous both for adults and young children. In early educational settings, it is mainly used as background music to set up a certain atmosphere, and to design specific festivity environments and celebrations. Recorded musical pieces ‐ specifically instrumental ones, as the focus of the educational activities, because of their musical characteristics ‐ are seldom used. When they are used, musical pieces are considered isolated musical objects that children have to be taught to contemplate, understand and appreciate. This study presents a less-documented and reported type of young children’s engagement with music: self-initiated and self-directed movement representations of recorded musical pieces documented by Sarit, a preschool teacher, for her educational purposes. The documents include videos of children’s choreographies, Sarit’s accounts, children’s drawings and their explanations of them. These engagements give us opportunities to study agency in listening experiences and children’s multimodal exploring, and ultimately embodied and visual representation of their musical understanding of the pieces. Children exercise agency in their engagement with the music, as they choose the music and what to do, with whom, with what and when, and in these doings, they change their preschool. In their choreographies, they embody their understanding of the music; and in their drawings, they share with us the whole process. Educators are invited to open their eyes and their ears, discovering children’s multimodal engagements with recorded music.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang-qi Gao

Abstract Objectives The subsets of astrocytes in the brain have not been fully elucidated. Using bulk RNA sequencing, reactive astrocytes were divided into A1 versus A2. However, using single-cell RNAseq (ScRNAseq), astrocytes were divided into over two subsets. Our aim was to set up the correspondence between the fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS)-bulk RNAseq and ScRNAseq data. Results We found that most of reactive astrocytes (RAs) marker genes were expressed in endothelial cells but not in astrocytes, suggesting those marker genes are not suitable for astrocytic activation. The absence of A1 and A2 astrocytes in the brain.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak ◽  
Christos Papadimitriou ◽  
Caghan Kizil

Regenerative capacity of the brain is a variable trait within animals. Aquatic vertebrates such as zebrafish have widespread ability to renew their brains upon damage, while mammals have—if not none—very limited overall regenerative competence. Underlying cause of such a disparity is not fully evident; however, one of the reasons could be activation of peculiar molecular programs, which might have specific roles after injury or damage, by the organisms that regenerate. If this hypothesis is correct, then there must be genes and pathways that (a) are expressed only after injury or damage in tissues, (b) are biologically and functionally relevant to restoration of neural tissue, and (c) are not detected in regenerating organisms. Presence of such programs might circumvent the initial detrimental effects of the damage and subsequently set up the stage for tissue redevelopment to take place by modulating the plasticity of the neural stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, if transferable, those “molecular mechanisms of regeneration” could open up new avenues for regenerative therapies of humans in clinical settings. This review focuses on the recent studies addressing injury/damage-induced molecular programs in zebrafish brain, underscoring the possibility of the presence of genes that could be used as biomarkers of neural plasticity and regeneration.


2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dr. Anuradha Jain

Retailing is the interface between the producer and the individual consumer buying for personal consumption. As such, retailing is the last link that connects the individual consumer with the manufacturing and distribution chain. Indian retail industry is one of the sunrise sectors with huge growth potential. However, in spite of the recent developments in retailing and its immense contribution to the economy, retailing continues to be the least evolved industries and the growth of organised retailing in India has been much slower as compared to rest of the world. This paper captures the existing retail scenario in India with regard to organized and un-organized retail and presents the limitations of the current set-up along with the experiences of domestic players. The paper discusses about opening up of the multibrand retail sector to foreign direct investment by the government. The rationale for retail reforms and challenges to be addressed by the retail sector are discussed. FDI in Retail is like an allopathic medicine It would deliver quick results & would not work as hit & trial like Homeopath. Government must go for Policy Mix to avoid its side effects. It will require various changes in internal policies also. The whole process must be made socially & economically useful.It will be better to follow the Chinese model of caution and hurrying slowly. China took over 12years to liberalise its FDI regime and in stages with reversals as well. The Chinese retail environment is 20years ahead of us. Looking at their market today can give us a rough idea of how FDI in multi brand retail in India might pan out in the medium term and long term period.


2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 708-721
Author(s):  
Annika Hackenberg ◽  
Karl Worthmann ◽  
Torben Pätz ◽  
Dörthe Keiner ◽  
Joachim Oertel ◽  
...  

Abstract Stereotactic neurosurgery requires a careful planning of cannulae paths to spare eloquent areas of the brain that, if damaged, will result in loss of essential neurological function such as sensory processing, linguistic ability, vision, or motor function. We present an approach based on modelling, simulation, and optimization to set up a computational assistant tool. Thereby, we focus on the modeling of the brain topology, where we construct ellipsoidal approximations of voxel clouds based on processed MRI data. The outcome is integrated in a path-planning problem either via constraints or by penalization terms in the objective function. The surgical planning problem with obstacle avoidance is solved for different types of stereotactic cannulae using numerical simulations. We illustrate our method with a case study using real MRI data.


Development ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 1537-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Ashley ◽  
F.N. Katz

The R7 photoreceptor neuron projections form a retinotopic map in the medulla of the Drosophila optic lobe. The more inner photoreceptors mutation, an allele of gap1, results in the differentiation of excess R7s in the eye, whose axons invade the brain and establish functional connections. We have used this hyperinnervation phenotype to explore the roles of photoreceptor-target regulation, competitive interactions, and chemoaffinity in map formation. We show that the extra axons are supported in a wild-type brain, with all R7s from a single ommatidium sharing a single termination site, and thus there is no evidence that the target regulates the size of the presynaptic population. In mosaic eyes, in which ommatidia containing extra R7s are surrounded by ommatidia lacking all R7 cells, R7 axons still target to appropriate retinotopic locations in a largely empty R7 terminal field. Axons at the edges of the projection, however, send collaterals into vacant areas of the field, suggesting they are normally restrained to share single termination sites by competitive interactions. In contrast, no sprouts are seen when the vacant sites are juxtaposed with singly innervated sites. In the third instar, R7 and R8 axons transiently display halos of filopodia that overlap adjacent terminals and provide a means to assess occupancy at adjacent sites. Finally, in sine oculis larvae in which only a small number of ommatidia develop, the R7/R8 axons target to predicted dorsoventral portions of the medulla despite the absence of their neighbors, suggesting that position in the eye field determines their connectivity in the brain. We suggest that the mechanisms used to set up this insect map are formally similar to strategies used by vertebrates. The availability of a genetic model for these events should facilitate studies aimed at understanding the molecular bases of retinotopic map development.


Author(s):  
Anna Rybak

Students in many countries have problems learning mathematics. Many students do not like mathematics. It is also a problem for teachers. The question has to be answered: Why does math education cause so many problems? We have set up the Centre for Creative Learning of Mathematics at the University of Bialystok (Poland). It is a place where we try to create appropriate athmosphere and circumstances for students of all ages to become active discoverers of mathematics, not just passive recipients of knowledge from books or teachers. As a theoretical background we took ideas from Tamás Varga, Zofia Krygowska, the theory of constructivism, the strategy of functional mathematics teaching and problem-solving method. Lessons and workshops for students in our Centre are based on the combination of the following ideas: The participants solve practical or theoretical problems (problem solving method) and carry out concrete, representative and abstract activities (strategy of functional mathematics teaching by Z. Krygowska) which help them discover and formulate knowledge (constructivism). The whole process corresponds very well to some of T. Varga's important ideas or his conviction of the main objectives of mathematics teaching: Students explore the knowledge themselves and think independently. The subject of mathematics is transformed into a thought formulation process in which students turn from the role of passive recipients to the active knowledge creation. Classification: A80. Keywords: T. Varga, Z. Krygowska, constructivism, strategy of functional teaching of mathematics, problem solving method, creative learning


Author(s):  
Caryn Rosmarin

Meningism is the syndrome of the triad of symptoms of headache, neck stiffness, and photophobia caused by irritation of the meninges. While it is often associated with a diagnosis of meningitis, it is also present in other conditions causing meningeal irritation such as subarachnoid haemorrhage, trigeminal neuralgia, migraine, or febrile illness in children. Meningitis is process of inflammation of the meninges, which may or may not be due to an infectious agent. Strictly speaking, it is a pathological diagnosis, but in lieu of the impracticability of biopsying the meninges, surrogate markers are used to infer inflammation. These include raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white cell count and protein; and meningeal enhancement using contrast enhanced MRI or CT of the brain. Encephalitis is process of inflammation of the brain parenchyma. Strictly speaking, it is again a pathological diagnosis, and again surrogate markers are used to infer this inflammation, although it is slightly more difficult due to the protected nature of the brain. CSF white cell count and protein are expected to be elevated and parenchymal inflammation may be seen on contrast enhanced MRI. Meningoencephalitis is a combination of the above with inflammation of both the meninges and the adjoining brain parenchyma. Aseptic meningitis is said to be present when there is meningism and signs of meningeal inflammation on CSF and imaging, but no bacterial cause is found on culture or molecular diagnostics. Viral meningitis is the commonest cause, although post-neurosurgical aseptic meningitis is often chemical in nature. Meningism plus fever are the classic symptoms of meningitis. The onset may be acute, subacute, or chronic, depending on the cause. Neck stiffness may range from mild discomfort to an almost rigid neck and is not a sensitive test in young children or elderly. While not used routinely and with low sensitivity particularly in young children and elderly, Kernig’s and Brudkzinski’s signs, both of which stretch the meninges worsening the irritation and increasing pain, have a good positive predictive value. Non-specific signs of intracranial pathology may be present, such as signs of raised intracranial pressure (ICP), vomiting, reduced level of consciousness, focal neurological signs, seizures, or irritability, especially in the immunocompromised, elderly, and young children who may not have classic signs and symptoms.


2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 3183
Author(s):  
Łukasz J. Krzych ◽  
Michał P. Pluta ◽  
Zbigniew Putowski ◽  
Marcelina Czok

Postoperative delirium (POD) and postoperative cognitive decline (deficit) (POCD) are related to a higher risk of postoperative complications and long-term disability. Pathophysiology of POD and POCD is complex, elusive and multifactorial. Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) constitutes a frequent and vital health hazard in the perioperative period. Unfortunately, there are no international recommendations in terms of diagnostics and treatment of neurocognitive complications which may arise from hypotension-related hypoperfusion. Therefore, we performed a comprehensive review of the literature evaluating the association between IOH and POD/POCD in the non-cardiac setting. We have concluded that available data are quite inconsistent and there is a paucity of high-quality evidence convincing that IOH is a risk factor for POD/POCD development. Considerable heterogeneity between studies is the major limitation to set up reliable recommendations regarding intraoperative blood pressure management to protect the brain against hypotension-related hypoperfusion. Further well-designed and effectively-performed research is needed to elucidate true impact of intraoperative blood pressure variations on postoperative cognitive functioning.


2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kexin Wang ◽  
Feng Song ◽  
Kai Xu ◽  
Zhi Liu ◽  
Shuhong Han ◽  
...  

Diabetes mellitus (DM) patients experience memory and cognitive deficits. The mechanisms underlying this dysfunction in the brain of DM patients are not fully understood, and therefore, no optimized therapeutic strategy has been established so far. The aim of the present study was to assess whether irisin was able to improve memory and cognitive performance in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic mouse model. A diabetic mouse model was established and behavioral tests were performed. We also set up primary cultures for mechanism studies. Western blots and EMSA were used for molecular studies. Significant impairment of cognition and memory was observed in these DM mice, which could be effectively prevented by irisin cotreatment. We also found upregulated levels of GFAP protein, reduced synaptic protein expression, and increased levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the brains; however, irisin significantly attenuated these cellular responses. Meanwhile, our results demonstrated that irisin inhibited the activation of P38, STAT3, and NFκB proteins of DM mice. Furthermore, our results suggested that irisin might regulate the function of P38, STAT3, and NFκB in hippocampal tissues of DM mice. Collectively, irisin inhibited neuroinflammation in STZ-induced DM mice by inhibiting cytokine release and improving their cognitive function. Our findings revealed the mechanism of irisin’s anti-inflammatory effect in the CNS.


2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 502-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin H. James

Handwriting experience can have significant effects on the ability of young children to recognize letters. Why handwriting has this facilitative effect and how this is accomplished were explored in a series of studies using overt behavioral measures and functional neuroimaging of the brain in 4- to 5-year-old children. My colleagues and I showed that early handwriting practice affects visual symbol recognition because it results in the production of variable visual forms that aid in symbol understanding. Further, the mechanisms that support this understanding lay in the communication between visual and motor systems in the brain: Handwriting serves to link visual processing with motor experience, facilitating subsequent letter recognition skills. These results are interpreted in the larger context of the facilitatory effect that learning through action has on perceptual capabilities.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document