Beyond the webs of ideology: Orson Welles’s Othello in post-war Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena Parisi
Keyword(s):  
Historical Background ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Intellectual Engagement ◽  
Post War

This article focuses on Orson Welles’s filmic adaptation of Othello (1951) with attention to how the filmic form interacts with the historical background of post-war Italy. The country where the director first took refuge after being virtually blacklisted from Hollywood did not seem to welcome his controversial style either. Taking the hint from the biased responses of most Italian critics to Othello, the article explores Welles’s revision of Shakespeare’s tragedy in relation to the early-1950s Italian landscape. I shall analyse how the visual techniques of the film create a challenging style that ensnares and engages the audience. The dominant imagery of entrapment can have a meta-cinematographic effect that disturbs the mimetic function of the screen. The resulting formal inconsistency and disunity of the film defies a totalizing notion of the work of art and invites the viewers to question and go beyond ideologically biased interpretations of the sociopolitical scenario it springs from. My aim is to show that Othello offers an intellectual engagement that goes beyond the webs of ideology which trapped the Italian post-war situation and leads to a more complex confrontation with the most urgent issues in the country.

Book I Diplomacy in General, 1 Diplomacy—a Short History from Pre-Classical Origins to the Fall of the Berlin Wall

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberts Ivor
Keyword(s):  
Near East ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Ancient Near East ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
Short History ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
Post War ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
European Diplomacy

This chapter provides the historical context underpinning this study. It elaborates on the definition of the term ‘diplomacy’—the conduct of business between States by peaceful means—at the same time dispelling misconceptions regarding the term, as well as discussing its origins. Aside from that, the chapter largely focuses on a historical background of diplomacy as a whole, beginning from the earliest practices of sending emissaries to open negotiations. These origins may in fact go back at least as far as the Great Kings of the Ancient Near East in the second, and possibly even as early as the late fourth millennium BC, to the cuneiform civilizations of Mesopotamia. From there, the chapter maps out this history through the Renaissance period to the beginnings of classical European diplomacy, and later on to the two World Wars and the post-war world.

scholarly journals Image of the city and modern architecture in the Polish feature films of the 1960s’

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (31) ◽  
pp. 135-144
Author(s):  
Adam Nadolny
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Film Image ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

This article focuses on the inter-dependencies between the film image and architecture. The author has attempted to define what sort of historical background preconditions the film image to gain the status of a source for research on the history of Polish urban planning and post-war architecture, with particular emphasis placed on the 1960s.

scholarly journals Czy prawo własności nieruchomości w Polsce jest nadal prawem własności?

Ekonomia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Jonasz Suchy
Keyword(s):  
Logical Consequence ◽  
Civil Procedure ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Property Right ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Absolute Property ◽  
Communist Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Polish Law ◽  
Polish Government

Is legal estate in land still legal according to Polish law?The aim of the article is to investigate the possibility of implementing Murray Rothbard’s concept of absolute property right in Polish civil procedure. The historical background of this reflection is the time of dispossessions and the policies undertaken by the Polish communist government toward rightful owners of immovable property living in post-war Warsaw. The process of dispossessions was based on the edict imposed by the president of Poland at that time, Bolesław Bierut. Therefore, another aim of the study is to examine the results of Bierut’s edict, including its substantive and procedural legal effects. Furthermore, the article has shown the advantages of primal ownership rule as a fundamental and arbitrary title to being an owner of real estate as the non-aggression principle would be restored. By taking these assumptions under consideration, the author wants to highlight that the undertaken dispossessions were lawless in the normative as well as ethical view. The logical consequence of the abovementioned philosophy is the thesis that the attitude toward this issue of recent Polish governments, which have not done anything to enable legal owners to get their ownerships back from the state, could not be tolerated as it was also unlawful. Moreover, if the Polish government had acted according to the law, the rightful owners of dispossessed legal estate would have received a convenient way to regain their property as well an opportunity to demand payment and compensation.By referring to the concept of absolute property right, the author wishes to indicate that each act of dispossession undertaken by using governmental force was unlawful as it could not be justified by ethical rules of natural law. It has also been concluded that it would be worth deliberating the implementation into Polish civil procedure of an institution which would allow owners who had lost their ownership to regain their right to property. Such proceedings would remain valid not just inter partes between the parties but also erga omnes toward all.The article is also supplemented with a reflection of the economic effects of Bierut’s edict while taking into consideration the policy’s influence upon the possibility of conducting a rational economic calculation.

scholarly journals Chinatown Warisan Budaya China Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Singapura

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Leonita Alfiyani
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Electric Train

Chinatown is one of the ethnic villages that have existed since the British colonial period. Chinatown has a long historical background, declining quality in the post-war world, into a slum environment until it is conserved by the government and a tourism asset of Singapore. Chinatown is a traditional Chinese nuanced area, with homes and traditional culture still preserved. The building in Chinatown traditional architecture is still maintained. In 1843 Chinatown became famous and visited by many tourists with local uniquess it has. This causes the density and flow of people coming and going increasingly. So in 1885 Chinatown was facilitated by public transportation is steam train, electric train and trolley bus in 1929.

Exhumations in post-war rabbinical responsas

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Deutsch
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Jewish Tradition ◽  
Mass Graves ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Post War ◽  
Language Context

Proper burial, according to Jewish tradition, is one of the most esteemed, important and respected traditions; it is considered to be the only "Mitzva"i>, that is, more important than the study of the Torah. Due to the extent of the corpses, human remains, ashes and mass graves in post-Holocaust European, rabbinic authorities therefore increasingly faced the issue of how to deal with their appropriate commemoration following WWII liberation. One of the most common questions in rabbinical discourse was the question of post-war reburial from mass graves to provide proper burial for each of the deceased individuals. Later rabbinic writing provides a more systematic approach to the reality of post-war reburial of mass graves, dealing with the fact that many of the bodies were incinerated and oftentimes the only things present were hair, teeth, bones, dirt and ashes. In many of the rabbinical deliberations a complex process of ruling is evident forcing the rabbis to base their final ruling on earlier Talmudic citations rather than later responsas. Due to the lack of academic literature the field, this chapter will provide a descriptive presentation of various rabbinical responsas to the vast amount of Jewish human remains after the Holocaust, exploring the themes, language, context, historical background and approach.

scholarly journals Encrypted Astronomy, Astral Mythologies, and Ancient Mexican Studies in Austria, 1910-1945

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Rohrbacher
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Main Section ◽  
World War ◽  
Astronomical Data ◽  
Ethnographic Approach ◽  
Post War ◽  
Austrian Studies

This paper examines the beginnings of Austrian studies on ancient Mexico by analyzing the work of Damian Kreichgauer and Friedrich Röck in the early twentieth century. Both argued that a priest elite intentionally “coded” astronomical data in ancient Mexican manuscripts. The first section of the article sheds light on the theoretical background of this interpretation. The main section, based on numerous archival sources, is dedicated to the deciphering procedure elaborated by Röck, the first director of the Ethnological Museum in Vienna (today Weltmuseum Wien). Since Röck’s method seemed to revolutionize the discipline, it gained a great deal of attention from German Nazi authorities. The final section deals with Röck’s student Karl Anton Nowotny, who elaborated an ethnographic approach of ancient Mexican studies in Austria after World War II. This study provides new insights into the historical background of post-war ancient Mexican studies in Austria.

scholarly journals The Holocaust in Southern Ukraine: The Response of Survived Jews of Kalinindorf District after the German Occupation

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-180
Author(s):  
Yurii Kaparulin
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Party Leadership ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Post War ◽  
Southern Ukraine

The Holocaust in Southern Ukraine: The Response of Survived Jews of Kalinindorf District after the German OccupationBased on archival documents and published and unpublished materials of oral history, the paper offers an overview of the Holocaust in the Kalinindorf district (territories of modern-day Kherson and Mykolaiv Oblast, Ukraine) and the reaction of survived Jews after their return from evacuation and the front. Through particular cases, the paper shows the variants of behaviour and adaptation of Jews to post-war living conditions. The mid-1940s serves as the historical background; it was a period when antisemitic attitudes strengthened in society and in the party leadership. The article indicates how the Jews returned to the pre-war lifestyle in rural areas, but also their rejection of new conditions and changes in the place where they lived. It also investigates the formation of the Jewish community’s tradition of commemorative practices in places of mass executions of Jews.  Holokaust na Ukrainie Południowej. Reakcje ocalałych Żydów dystryktu Kalinindorf po niemieckiej okupacjiArtykuł bazuje na dokumentacji archiwalnej, opublikowanych i nieopublikowanych relacjiach historii mówionej, i stanowi zarys problemu Holokaustu w dystrykcie Kalinindorf (terytorium dzisiejszych obwodów chersońskiego i mikołajowskiego); ukazuje również reakcje ocalałych  Żydów po powrocie z frontu i ewakuacji. Na przykładzie poszczególnych przypadków artykuł prezentuje różne zachowania i typy adaptacji Żydów do życia w powojennych warunkach. Tło historyczne stanowi połowa lat 40. XX wieku, jako okres wzmocnienia nastrojów antysemickich w społeczeństwie i wśród przywódców partyjnych. Artykuł opisuje zarówno powrót Żydów do przedwojennego sposobu życia na terenach wiejskich, jak i ich niechęć do nowych warunków i nowego miejsca osiedlenia. Prezentuje również badania nad kształtowaniem się wśród społeczności żydowskich tradycji praktyk upamiętniających w miejscach masowej eksterminacji.

scholarly journals Chinatown Warisan Budaya China Sebagai Daya Tarik Wisata di Singapura

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Leonita Alfiyani
Keyword(s):  
Public Transportation ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Traditional Architecture ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Electric Train

Chinatown is one of the ethnic villages that have existed since the British colonial period. Chinatown has a long historical background, declining quality in the post-war world, into a slum environment until it is conserved by the government and a tourism asset of Singapore. Chinatown is a traditional Chinese nuanced area, with homes and traditional culture still preserved. The building in Chinatown traditional architecture is still maintained. In 1843 Chinatown became famous and visited by many tourists with local uniquess it has. This causes the density and flow of people coming and going increasingly. So in 1885 Chinatown was facilitated by public transportation is steam train, electric train and trolley bus in 1929.

‘Her Dreams Receding’

2019 ◽  
pp. 78-91
Author(s):  
Brian Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
World War ◽  
Post World War Ii ◽  
Alternate History ◽  
Masculinity And Femininity ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Post War

Ian Sales’ Apollo Quartet (2012-16) series of novellas develops a series of alternate histories of the Space Age. Determinedly ‘hard’ in its approach to sf and the technical (as well as historical) background, Sales uses slightly different alternate scenarios in each novella for exploring not only the NASA’s Apollo Moon program, but the fabric of the post-war United States. This chapter analyses Sales’ alternate-history mode in terms of an explicit intervention in science fictions of space exploration with regard to ideological and patriarchal constructions of gender, and in particular as a means by which to re-imagine both the potentialities and implications of space exploration and of post-World War II masculinity and femininity.

scholarly journals Analysing Dairy Farming in Japan through the TV Drama 'Natsuzora' (‘Summer Sky’)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 8-23
Author(s):  
Maki Eguchi
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
The Social ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Post War ◽  
Tv Show

As the global concern with animal welfare grows, the roles of animals in various cultural and historical settings need to be examined. This study analyses a popular Japanese TV show, Natsuzora (‘Summer Sky’), aired in 2019, that shows the life of a dairy farm in post-war Japan from the 1940s to the 1970s, when the consumption and production of meat and dairy gradually increased with technological development. This is contrasted with the present time, against the backdrop of the Tokyo Olympics 2020, and a rise in awareness regarding animal welfare. The study analyses of the story of Natsuzora and the different reactions towards it from the Ministry of Agriculture and the Animal Rights Center. It also scrutinises the social and historical background of the drama by referring to agricultural statistics from the 1940s to the present.

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