scholarly journals The fight against the least visible form of human trafficking: trafficking for labour exploitation

2018 ◽  
pp. 115-135
Author(s):  
Luz María Puente Aba
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
First Finding ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The least visible of human trafficking is the one that is carried out for labour exploitation purposes. The aim here is to focus on two different needs: first, finding an accurate definition of forced labour, that encompass controversial questions, such as the meaning of clauses as “coercion” and “abuse of a position of vulnerability”, and the difference between human trafficking for the purpose of labour exploitation and forced labour; and second, identifying causes of human trafficking for labour exploitation. The article tries to put forward proposals regarding the best way of making these phenomena more visible and effectively combating them.

Labour Exploitation in Human Trafficking Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Weatherburn
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Organized Crime ◽  
Trafficking In Persons ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Agreed Definition

The 2000 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime provides the first internationally agreed definition of the human trafficking. However, in failings to clarify the exact scope and meaning of exploitation, it has created an ambiguity as to what constitutes exploitation of labour in criminal law. <br>The international definition's preference for an enumerative approach has been replicated in most regional and domestic legal instruments, making it difficult to draw the line between exploitation in terms of violations of labour rights and extreme forms of exploitation such as those listed in the Protocol. <br><br>This book addresses this legal gap by seeking to conceptualise labour exploitation in criminal law.

Practitioner's Insights – The Importance of Strategic Litigation to Fight Human Trafficking and (Labour) Exploitation

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120
Author(s):  
Suzanne Hoff
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Systemic Change ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
High Level ◽  
Strategic Litigation

This article calls for an increased use of strategic litigation in the anti-trafficking field to ensure long-lasting systemic reforms. While generally, the prosecution of human trafficking or related severe forms of labour exploitation, like forced labour, is quite challenging and prosecutions and convictions lag seriously behind, it is argued that strategic litigation, meaning continuing legal action, aimed at achieving rights-related changes in law, policy, practice, and/or public awareness, can help to ensure that justice is delivered to victims, as several landmark cases also show. Efforts to counter human trafficking through strategic litigation by NGOs remain in their infancy, among others as they are resource-intensive and require access to experienced lawyers in high level courts. The author discusses some examples and dilemmas and identifies needs for NGOs to use strategic litigation more often as an effective tool to effectuate systemic change.

The permanent deformation of a cantilever struck transversely at its tip

1955 ◽  
Vol 228 (1175) ◽  
pp. 462-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Material ◽  
Permanent Deformation ◽  
Rigid Plastic ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Rigid Plastic Material ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Falling Weight ◽  
The Impact

An analysis is given for the deformation of a cantilever made from a rigid-plastic material struck transversely at its tip by a moving mass. Two special cases are found to be of interest: mass of striker large, and mass of striker small. Experiments were carried out on model mildsteel cantilevers under these two extreme conditions: in the one case the striker was a falling weight, in the other a rifle bullet. The theoretical and experimental results are compared, and it is shown that there is good agreement at points remote from the impact, but that prediction of local damage depends on accurate definition of the conditions of striking.

scholarly journals DELIGNIFICATION OF VEGETABLE RAW MATERIAL CATALYTIC BY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AND PEROXI-COMBINATIONS (REVIEW)

2020 ◽  
pp. 331-349
Author(s):  
Robert Zus'evich Pen ◽  
Natal'ya Viktorovna Karetnikova ◽  
Ida L'vovna Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Sodium Molybdate ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
State University ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Stage Process ◽  
Coniferous Wood ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

Given review is a publication of the studies result in the field of vegetable raw material delignification by the hydrogen peroxide and by the peroxicombinations, carried out in Siberian State University after publishing of the previous review by the authors on same themes in 2005 year. Basically these studies are directed on decision of the following problems: more accurate definition of the technological characters of the process coniferous wood delignification with catalytic complex, including titanium dioxide, sodium tungstate and sodium molybdate, sulfuric acid; intensification of wood soaking by the peroxide cooking solution with using of vacuum and ultrasound; the receipt and estimation of the peroxide cellulose properties from of wheat straw stems, study of the straw cellulose particularities bleaching, elaboration of the one-stage process to receipt of the microcrystalline cellulose; concentration of organic substances of the peroxide waste solution by the ultrafiltration, estimation its heating value.

scholarly journals The Concept of Originality in Academic Research of Engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Muhammad Shaheen
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Subjective Analysis ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
Difference Of Opinion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Definition Of

The definition of research appears to be a controversial subject in the academic community. It is almost becoming apparent that research remains a key element in master’s and doctoral degrees. Originality is, to varying degrees, the primary concern for the genuineness of research, but there is a difference of opinion on the concept of originality. In practice, a subjective analysis of originality is performed at the time of the assessment of the said degrees’ theses; therefore, the resulting evaluation is affected by the difference of opinion on the concept of originality. It has also emerged that the concept of originality in research is also marginally unique in various areas. This study is focused upon reaching a point of agreement for the definition of originality in the theses/dissertation of masters and doctorate degrees in engineering only. The outcome of the research should be something new and originally contribute to the body of knowledge. This study focused on to arrive at an accurate definition of originality in university degrees in the field of engineering. An online survey was designed and carried out on the basis of evidence and expert opinion. The survey was distributed amongst engineering peers. The results of the survey are systematically summed up in the study.

scholarly journals ضوابط الاختلاف حول الأموال المشتركة بين الزوجين وآثاره

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-273
Author(s):  
Ahmed Ramadan Mohamed Ahmed ◽  
Saad Gomaa Gomaa Zaghloul ◽  
Marina Abu Bakar
Keyword(s):  
Common Property ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Moral Rights ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Accurate Definition ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Definition Of

There is no doubt that the marital rights between the spouses stemming from this sacred covenant vary between purely material rights and moral rights that include both spouses, and among these rights are funds related to the Muslim family, which arose with this construction and the sacred covenant, the provisions of Islamic law have preserved the rights of The financial wife imposed her dowry, and obliged the husband to support and accommodation for the wife. Taking care of her and maintaining herself and her body, and through this financial care for the rights of the wife and the woman’s enjoyment of financial responsibility independent of the husband, the common money between the two spouses may arise through the course of life between them, and it is known that the marital contract in Islam ends with one of only two: divorce or death, and so on. They have implications for joint funds; From here comes the importance of this study to solve the problem of disagreement over joint funds. the importance of studying . The shared money between the spouses is of great importance in the stability of the family and the building of society. Therefore, attention must be paid to the reality of the joint money, how it is managed, and the controls that govern it when disagreeing, so that the financial rights of both spouses are not lost. Which may negatively affect the stability and development of society. Objectives of the study : The study seeks to achieve a set of goals that would achieve balance in the issue of joint funds, and among these goals. 1- Attempting to find an accurate definition of the shared property between spouses 2- Establishing rules and controls for dealing in joint funds 3- A statement of the legal adjustment of the joint property of the spouses Research questions : Several questions revolve around this problem, including the following. 1- If the marital contract occurred and ended, then what is the fate of the common property between the spouses? 2- What is the matter if a dispute occurs between the spouses about this money? 3- What are the controls that can be referred to when the difference occurs? Through this research paper, we try to answer these questions in order to arrive at a legal adaptation to the problem of disagreement about the joint money between the spouses, and to explain the implications of that. By studying this topic in the following pages.

On Nernst's “Osmotic Experiment” and a Definition of Osmotic Pressure

1899 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 439-440
Author(s):  
Crum Brown
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Concentration Gradient ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Semipermeable Membrane ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

In vol. vi. of the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (1890), pp. 16–36, Nernst demonstrates the relation between the osmotic pressure of a given solution of N in A and the difference of concentration of two solutions of A in B, the one made by shaking up B with A and the other by shaking up B with the solution of N in A; where A and B are two liquids miscible with each other, but not in all proportions, as, for instance, water and ether, and N a substance soluble in A but not in B. Immediately after this paper, Nernst describes (l.c., pp. 37–40) an osmotic experiment in which the “semipermeable membrane” is a layer of the liquid B held in its place by capillarity. Through this layer no N can pass, because N is insoluble in B, but A will pass from what we may call the A side, on account of the concentration gradient, the layer of B containing more A dissolved in it on the A side than on the solution side. At the same time a pressure is developed on the solution side equal to the osmotic pressure of the solution of N.So far as the diffusion of A through the layer of B from the A side to the solution side is concerned, Nernst's experiment can be shown without fixing the layer of B. In the form exhibited to the Society, A is water, B phenol, and N calcium nitrate.

Time to Get Serious about Combating Forced Labour and Human Trafficking in Fisheries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Vasco Becker-Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Law Of The Sea ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Fishing Vessel ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
The World ◽  
Forced Labour ◽  
Working And Living Conditions

Abstract The connection between forced labour and human trafficking and fisheries, particularly illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing, is vile and highly profitable, and may be found in most parts of the world. A fishing vessel can be a place of abuse more extreme than any other onshore. At sea, it is out of sight for long periods of time, with little or no opportunity for fishers to escape. The working and living conditions on board are often simply described as inhumane. Combating labour exploitation in fisheries raises many complex multijurisdictional challenges, most of which, if not all, could be circumvented if States were serious about addressing this phenomenon. This article examines these challenges and the relevant international legal framework, particularly the 2007 Work in Fishing Convention and the 2014 Protocol to the Forced Labour Convention, against the background of the law of the sea and international human rights law.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Scott
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Human Trafficking ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
Neoliberal Capitalism ◽  
Labour Exploitation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Workplace Abuse ◽  
Forced Labour

This chapter argues that to study problems at work in a progressive and critical manner one needs to be attentive to language and terminology. In other words, one needs to think carefully about how a problem is socially constructed, and in some cases constricted. In particular, studies of workplace abuse have tended to focus on extreme manifestations of the phenomenon (i.e. slavery, forced labour, human trafficking). This is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for protecting workers. To widen the debate, the chapter (and book) employs the language of ‘control’, ‘exploitation’ and ‘harm’ as representing the problem to be investigated. This language is inspired by insights from the ‘social harm’ literature. This literature, most notably, identifies underlying structures (especially those associated with neoliberal capitalism) as worthy of critique. Thus, the problem of labour exploitation is not only larger than many would have us believe, it also has causes that are beyond the scope of the conventional criminal justice approach. The chapter concludes by outlining the data sources used throughout, and by mapping out the book’s eight remaining chapters.

scholarly journals Reserve component of the enterprise capital and its accounting and information support

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
Yа. Krupka
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Information Support ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Book Value ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The place and value of reserves for future expenses and payments in the enterprise capital are defined in this paper. Possibilities and expediency of providing certain types of expenses at the expense of pre-created reserves are considered. The specified definition of reserves as a component of the enterprise capital which are considered as reserved at the expense of additional owners contributions , profit, prime cost of the source for coverage of the future predicted or unpredicted expenses connected with maintenance of usual activity, its restructuring, distribution of expenses by the principles of prudence and compliance. It is proved that these principles are unreasonably removed by the latest legislation from the basic principles of accounting and financial reporting. Classification of reserves, the order of their formation and directions of their use are given in this paper. Reserves are classified into separate groups according to the sources of their formation, the directions of use, the obligation to create, the method of reflection in accounting and reporting, their participation in the enterprise capital. Particular attention is paid to the need of taking into account the hidden reserves. Their value is equal to the difference between the book value of the enterprise's property and its fair value. The order of recognition, documentation and reflection of accrual and use of reserves and other provisions in the accounting is specified. The following rrecommendations are given, on the one hand, to expand and deepen information in financial and other kinds of enterprise reporting concerning reserves as a component of enterprise capital, on the other - to simplify the accounting of reserved sources by additional unregistered contributions of participants, founders. The order of distribution and reflection in the accounting of reserves at withdrawal of separate participants from the company is specified. Recommendations concerning the recognition of accumulated resources for future liabilities by insurance reserves and their reflection in the composition of the enterprise own composition, making it possible to improve the economic performance, investment attractiveness of such entities are given.

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