Prevalence, seasonality, and antimicrobial resistance of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolated from broiler farms and slaughterhouses in East Algeria

Aim: The current study was carried out to determine the prevalence, seasonality, and antimicrobial profile of thermotolerant Campylobacter isolated from broiler chickens in Batna, East Algeria, from June 2016 to June 2018. Materials and Methods: A total of 960 samples, including 480 cloacal swabs, 240 cecal contents, and 240 neck skin samples collected from 6 poultry farms and 12 slaughterhouses, were included in this study. After isolation and identification, susceptibility to seven antimicrobial agents was tested by the disk diffusion method. The seasonality of Campylobacter infection at broiler farms was statistically analyzed. Results: The data showed that 65%, 55%, and 70% of the cloacal swab, neck skin, and cecal content samples were contaminated with thermotolerant Campylobacter strains, respectively (p<0.05). Among the isolated campylobacteria, Campylobacter jejuni was the predominant species (73.5%). Sampling season exhibited a significant impact on the prevalence of Campylobacter (p<0.01), with peak occurrence in summer. All of the isolates were susceptible to gentamicin and resistant to ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, while 83.3% of them were resistant to erythromycin. Interestingly, 16 different resistance profiles were noted, with the combination of "ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and tetracycline" being the most common, identified in 20.7% of isolated strains. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the presence of a high contamination rate of multidrug-resistant Campylobacter in farms and slaughterhouses in East Algeria. These findings underscore the need to apply strict control measures to avoid any associated public health hazard among Algerian consumers. This initial finding of the contamination of poultry with this zoonotic pathogen in East Algeria suggests the value of periodic comprehensive evaluation of associated disease in poultry as well as in humans in this region.

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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pig's clinical samples in Serbia

Medycyna Weterynaryjna ◽

10.21521/mw.5570 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 72 (10) ◽

pp. 637-640

Author(s):

Jadranka Žutić ◽

Ljiljana Pavlović ◽

Oliver Radanović ◽

Vladimir Radosavljević ◽

Branislav Kureljušić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Actinobacillus Pleuropneumoniae ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Porcine Pleuropneumonia ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Resistance Rates

Porcine pleuropneumonia, caused by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is one of the most important bacterial diseases of the pig respiratory tract. One hundred and forty eight Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pig's clinical samples were tested for their susceptibility to 11 antimicrobials by disk diffusion method. Isolates were obtained from the pathoanatomically altered pig's lung that died with signs of respiratory disease. Antimicrobial discs with following concentration were used: ampicillin 10 µg, amoxicillin 10 µg, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 20/10 µg, cefotaxime 30 µg, gentamicin 10 µg, penicillin 10 IU, streptomycin 10 µg, tetracycline 30 µg, enrofloxacin 5µg, lincospectin 15/200 µg, florfenicol 30 µg and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole 1.25/23.75 µg. Isolated strains showed various susceptibility to tested antimicrobials. Seventy-five percent of isolates were resistant to one or more drugs frequently used in the treatment of pig's diseases at farms in Serbia. All 148 isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime, enrofloxacin and florfenicol, while 96% of them were susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and lincospectin. Susceptibility of isolates to amoxicillin, gentamicin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole were 91%, 77% and 64%, respectively. The highest resistance rates were determined for tetracycline and streptomycin, 34% and 31%, respectively. When compared to our previous results, we noticed a decrease in resistance to tetracyclines and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Our results indicate that A. pleuropneumoniae strains isolated from pig's clinical samples in Serbia show high susceptibility to antimicrobial agents which are most often used in the pig industry.

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Antimicrobial Effect of Quercus robur L. Leaves Selective Extracts from the Mezi Mountain of Djeniene Bourezg (West of Algeria)

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407216666191226141609 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 1181-1190

Author(s):

Elhassan Benyagoub ◽

Nouria Nabbou ◽

Amal Dine

Keyword(s):

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Quercus Robur ◽

Biological Activities ◽

Antifungal Susceptibility ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Medicinal Species ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Microbial Strains

Background: Algeria, by its vast terrestrial extent and its climatic variation, has an abundant, rich and varied flora in which it was counted many aromatic and medicinal species that provide bioactive compounds characterized by their broad biological activities. In this context, this work is based on the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of Quercus robur L. leaves extracts (Family of Fagaceae). Methods: Firstly, the collected plant material was defatted; then, the extraction of tannins and saponins was carried out according to a standard protocol where the extracts obtained were tested on some uropathogenic microbial strains by disk diffusion method with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) by broth macro-dilution method. Results: The extraction yield of the selective extracts was 7.93 and 16.94% for tannins and saponins, respectively. The antibiotic resistance profile of the tested strains showed a resistance relatively important to several antibiotics, namely amoxicillin +clavulanic acid and ampicillin for Escherichia coli, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed resistance to amoxicillin+clavulanic acid, amikacin, cefotaxime and ceftazidime. However, Staphylococcus aureus was susceptible to penicillin, gentamicin, ofloxacin and chloramphenicol. Antifungal susceptibility testing has been shown that Candida albicans was susceptible to amphotericin B, econazole and it was clinically categorized as intermediate to miconazole drug. For antimicrobial tests, the tannins and saponins extracts exhibited a low to strong inhibitory effect at tested concentrations lower than 30 mg/mL (ranged from no inhibition to an inhibition zone diameter of 17.5 mm), depending on dose levels and tested microbial strains. Conclusion: This activity is proportional to the tested concentrations, knowing that tannins extract was more active compared to saponins extract. For this, Q. robur could constitute an important source for drug discovery.

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Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella and Yersinia in the feces of hunted wildlife in Abeokuta, Nigeria

Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux ◽

10.19182/remvt.31478 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Olufemi Ernest Ojo ◽

Oluwaseyi Oluwadaisi Ogunjobi ◽

Mufutau Atanda Oyekunle ◽

Morenike Atinuke Dipeolu ◽

Ebenezer Babatunde Otesile

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Wild Rodents ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Cricetomys Gambianus

Meat from wildlife contributes significantly to food security and income generation in many African communities. Salmonellae and yersiniae are important causes of foodborne infections. This study investigated the presence and antimicrobial resistance of salmonellae and yersiniae in the fecal contents of hunted wild rodents and ruminants at a wildlife meat-processing center in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Bacteria were isolated and identified by selective culture methods and biochemical characterization. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Salmonellae were isolated from 15 (9.8%) and yersiniae from 11 (7.2%) samples out of 153. Salmonellae were detected in nine cane rats (Thryonomys swinderianus), five royal antelopes (Neotragus pygmaeus) and one African giant rat (Cricetomys gambianus). Yersiniae were detected in eight cane rats, two royal antelopes and one waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus). The levels of resistance in Salmonella isolates were 100% for ampicillin and ceftiofur, 93.3% for tetracycline, 33.3% for cefotaxime, 26.7% for ceftazidime, 13.3% for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, nalidixic acid and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, and 6.7% for gentamicin, streptomycin and norfloxacin. The levels of resistance in yersiniae isolates were 81.8% for ampicillin, 72.7% for ceftiofur, 63.6% for nalidixic acid, 54.5% for cefotaxime, ceftazidime and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, 36.4% for tetracycline, 27.3% for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and streptomycin, 18.2% for ciprofloxacin, and 9.1% for chloramphenicol and gentamicin. All the isolates showed multiresistance to antimicrobials from at least three different classes. The detection of antimicrobial resistant salmonellae and yersiniae in wildlife is of veterinary and public health significance as these organisms can be transmitted to domestic animals and humans.

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Investigation of Pathogenic Escherichia Coli from Diarrheic Calves in Selective Area of Bangladesh

Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine ◽

10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23716 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 45-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

AKMA Islam ◽

M Rahman ◽

A Nahar ◽

A Khair ◽

MM Alam

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Molecular Technique ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Diarrheic Calves

Molecular technique was used to investigate the prevalence of virulent diarrheic genes in pathogenic Escherichia coli and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. A hundred samples from 100 different diarrheic calves from mid-north-western part of Bangladesh were screened for the presence of virulence factors associated with diarrhea. Following isolation and identification on the basis of cultural, morphological and biochemical properties, the presence of the virulence genes such as eaeA, bfpA, elt, est, stx1 and stx2 were examined using PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility of 57 E. coli was determined by agar disk diffusion method for 8 antimicrobial agents. Out of 100 samples 57 (57%) were found to be positive for E. coli and their distribution rates according to their age, breed and sex were 66.7% ( 6 days old ), 85.7% (Sahiwal breed) and in 64.2 % (female calves) respectively. Among 57 E. coli isolates, only 16 isolates were analyzed for the detection of the said genes. Among them, only eaeA gene was detected in 2 E. coli isolates (12.5 %). Antibiotic resistance patterns revealed that Oxacillin, Rifampicin and Penicillin were 100% resistant followed by Erythromycin which was more than 80% resistant. In case of Amoxicillin and Tetracycline, about 59.65% and 61.40% were found to be resistant respectively whereas all 57 E. coli isolates showed moderately susceptible (30%) to Cefuroxime, a second generation Cephalosporin. Therefore, none of the eight antimicrobials studied can not be recommended as single best therapeutic agent for the treatment of neonatal calf diarrhea. In addition, this study indicated that diarrhea in calves in these locations can be ascribed to mainly Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) which was atypical (only contained the eaeA genes but not bfpA). However, further studies are necessary to characterize the isolated eaeA gene positive E. coli by serotyping, tissue culture assay and other molecular techniques to find out the potentiality of those virulent genes contributing pathogenicity of E. coli causing diarrhea in calves.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23716Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2015). 13 (1): 45-51

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Sensitivity to Antibiotics of Staphylococcus Aureus Strains, Able to Biofilm Formation

Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini bìologìï ta sportu ◽

10.26693/jmbs06.03.226 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 226-231

Author(s):

A. O. Vashchenko ◽

◽

Yu. S. Voronkova ◽

A. I. Vinnikov ◽

T. N. Shevchenko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Rapid Determination ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Opportunistic Bacteria ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The problem of respiratory diseases associated with staphylococcal carriers is considered to be one of the most acute in modern society due to its high prevalence and problems with treatment due to the high resistance of these bacteria to antibiotics. The purpose of the study was to determine the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus strains, able to form biofilm, isolated from the upper respiratory tract of human. Materials and methods. Bacteriological methods of isolation and identification of staphylococci, the method of rapid determination of the ability to form biofilm on a tablet and the disk-diffusion method of determining the susceptibility to antibiotics were used to perform the research. As a result of the conducted researches it was established that in the structure of pathogens of exacerbations of seasonal rhinitis S. aureus prevailed. It was isolated from 34 samples of biological material from the nose, which accounted for 69.4% of all examined cases of rhinitis. Staphylococcus spp. (6.1%) and Streptococcus spp. (24.5%) among the isolated strains of S. aureus, 27 (79.4%) had the ability to form a biofilm. A feature associated with antibiotic resistance is the ability of strains of microorganisms to form a biofilm, in which they acquire enhanced ability to survive under adverse environmental factors, including the use of drugs. Results and discussion. In our research we showed that more than 80% of film-forming strains were found to be susceptible to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and azithromycin. 4 (14.8%) are methicillin-resistant. Resistance to methicillin was detected simultaneously with resistance to ciprofloxacin (3 cases) and to azithromycin (2 cases), 1 strain was resistant to gentamicin and 2 – to tetracycline. 1 of the methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus was multidrug-resistant (showed resistance to all studied antibiotics). Among non-biofilm strains, more than 80% of the strains were also sensitive to ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin / clavulanic acid and azithromycin. Sensitivity to tetracycline was low in both groups (42-63% sensitive). Conclusion. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance among clinical strains of opportunistic bacteria, unfortunately, shows an increasing trend. This requires constant monitoring of susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs in order to develop schemes of rational antibiotic therapy, taking into account the individualized approach to patients. In this sense, it is promising when studying the biological properties of clinical isolates to determine not only the resistance to antibiotics, but also their ability to form a biofilm

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In VitroSynergistic Effect ofPsidium guineense(Swartz) in Combination with Antimicrobial Agents against Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusStrains

The Scientific World JOURNAL ◽

10.1100/2012/158237 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Tiago Gomes Fernandes ◽

Amanda Rafaela Carneiro de Mesquita ◽

Karina Perrelli Randau ◽

Adelisa Alves Franchitti ◽

Eulália Azevedo Ximenes

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Synergistic Activity ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Fold Reduction ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽

Mrsa Strains

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract ofPsidium guineenseSwartz (Araçá-do-campo) and five antimicrobials (ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and meropenem) against twelve strains ofStaphylococcus aureuswith a resistant phenotype previously determined by the disk diffusion method. FourS. aureusstrains showed resistance to all antimicrobial agents tested and were selected for the study of the interaction between aqueous extract ofP. guineenseand antimicrobial agents, by the checkerboard method. The criteria used to evaluate the synergistic activity were defined by the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). AllS. aureusstrains were susceptible toP. guineenseas determined by the microdilution method. The combination of theP. guineenseextract with the antimicrobial agents resulted in an eight-fold reduction in the MIC of these agents, which showed a FICI ranging from 0.125 to 0.5, suggesting a synergistic interaction against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) strains. The combination of the aqueous extract ofP. guineensewith cefoxitin showed the lowest FICI values. This study demonstrated that the aqueous extract ofP. guineensecombined with beta lactamics antimicrobials, fluoroquinolones, and carbapenems, acts synergistically by inhibiting MRSA strains.

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Clinical and bacteriological examinations of dogs with tonsillitis

BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE ◽

10.15547/bjvm.2192 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (2) ◽

pp. 229-236

Author(s):

D. Sylejmani ◽

I. Miftari ◽

A. Hamidi ◽

A. Robaj

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Staphylococcus Intermedius ◽

Microbiological Methods ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of tonsillitis in dogs and isolation of bacteria involved as well as their antimicrobial susceptibility. For this purpose from June 2015 to August 2017, 12 clinical cases of dogs with tonsillitis have been examined, and a total of 24 samples were collected. Diagnosis was based on anamnesis, clinical signs, haematology and biochemical tests and bacteriological analyses. The isolation and identification of bacteria was carried out according to conventional microbiological methods and biochemical tests, while the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial isolates was tested using the disk diffusion method. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated bacteria with isolation rate 35.0%, followed by Streptococcus pyogenes (27.50%), Staphylococcus aureus (20%), Staphylococcus intermedius (10%) and Pasteurella spp. (7.5%). A high resistance to ampicillin, streptomicin and penicillin G was shown by E. coli, S. intermedius, S. pyogenes isolates. None of S. pyogenes, S. aureus, S. intermedius and Pasteurella spp., isolates was resistant to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid.

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Escherichia coli of Ready-to-Eat (RTE) Meats Origin Showed Resistance to Antibiotics Used by Farmers

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9120869 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 869

Author(s):

Abdulai Abass ◽

Frederick Adzitey ◽

Nurul Huda

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Tertiary Education ◽

Antibiotic Usage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid

Bacterial foodborne infections, including meat-derived infections, are globally associated with diseases and some deaths. Antibiotics are sometimes used to treat bacterial infections. The use of antibiotics by farmers contributes to the development of resistance by foodborne pathogens. This study aimed to investigate the antibiotics used by farmers and the occurrence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli in ready-to-eat (RTE) meat sources. Data was obtained from livestock farmers through the administration of semistructured questionnaires (n = 376) to obtain information on their demographics, knowledge and antibiotic usage. The procedure in the USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)’s Bacteriological Analytical Manual was used for E. coli detection. Antibiotic resistance test was performed using the disk diffusion method. The findings revealed that most of the farmers were male (74.5%), were aged 30−39 years (28.5%), had tertiary education (30.3%) and had 6−10 years of experience in livestock husbandry. Sheep (65.7%) were the most reared livestock, and antibiotics were mostly used to treat sick animals (36.7%). Tetracycline (27.7%) was the most common antibiotic used by farmers, followed by amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (18.6%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (11.7%). Most farmers (56.1%) said they had knowledge of antibiotic usage. The prevalence of E. coli in RTE meats was lowest in pork (6.0%) and highest in chevon (20.0%). E. coli isolates from RTE meats were highly resistant to teicoplanin (96.77%), tetracycline (93.55%), amoxicillin/clavulanic (70.97%), azithromycin (70.97%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (58.06%) but was susceptible to chloramphenicol (93.55%), ciprofloxacin (61.29%) and ceftriaxone (58.06%). The multiple antibiotic index ranged from 0.22 to 0.78. Multidrug resistance (93.55%) was high among the E. coli isolates. The resistance pattern AmcAzmTecTeSxt (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid–azithromycin–telcoplanin–tetracycline–trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) was the most common. The use of antibiotics by farmers must be well regulated. Sellers of RTE meats also ought to take hygiene practices seriously to keep meat safe and healthy for public consumption.

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Prevalence, Serovars, and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Cecal Samples of Chickens Slaughtered in Pluck Shops in Trinidad

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-553 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 82 (9) ◽

pp. 1560-1567 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

NITU KUMAR ◽

KRISHNA MOHAN ◽

KARLA GEORGES ◽

FRANCIS DZIVA ◽

ABIODUN A. ADESIYUN

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multiple Drug Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Multiple Drug ◽

Poultry Production ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Zonal Distribution ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

The Difference

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence and zonal distribution of Salmonella serotypes in poultry and to determine the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella isolates. A total of 1,503 cecal samples of poultry were randomly collected from 33 pluck shops across Trinidad. Isolation and identification of Salmonella followed standard methods, and the disk diffusion method was used to determine resistance of isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents. Ninety-one (6.1%) of the 1,503 samples collected from four zones were positive for Salmonella. The frequency of isolation of Salmonella from chicken ceca (6.5%) was higher than that detected in duck ceca (5.1%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Ten serotypes were detected, with Salmonella Molade, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica I, and Salmonella Typhimurium the most prevalent at 56.0, 11.0, and 8.8%, respectively. The highest frequency of isolation of Salmonella was recorded in the northeast zone (59.3%). All 91 isolates exhibited resistance to at least 1 of the 14 antimicrobial agents. The highest frequency of resistance was exhibited to ampicillin (51.0%), kanamycin (49.5%), and streptomycin (37.4%). A total of 22 resistance patterns were exhibited by the 91 isolates of Salmonella, and 13 isolates (14.3%) exhibited multiple drug resistance. The results emphasize the need to implement hygienic practices to reduce the levels of contamination at poultry pluck shops and the need for prudent use of antimicrobial agents in the poultry production system in Trinidad.

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Prevalence, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from food products in Morocco

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.8026 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 11 (02) ◽

pp. 136-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nadia Amajoud ◽

Brahim Bouchrif ◽

Mohammed El Maadoudi ◽

Nadia Skalli Senhaji ◽

Bouchra Karraouan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Food Products ◽

Drug Susceptibility Testing ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Resistant Strains

Introduction: Salmonellosis is one of the most common foodborne diseases worldwide. The irrational use of antibiotics in medicine and in animal feed has greatly promoted the emergence and spread of resistant strains of non-typhoidal Salmonella. Methodology: A total of 464 food products were collected in Tetouan from January 2010 to December 2012. The isolation and identification of Salmonella were performed according to Moroccan standard 08.0.116. All isolates were serotyped and were then tested for antibiotic resistance using the disk diffusion method. Results: The microbiological analysis showed that 10.3% of food samples were contaminated with Salmonella. Eleven serotypes were identified: Kentucky 22.9% (11/48), Agona 16.7% (8/48), Reading 12.5% (6/48), Corvallis 8.3% (4/48), Saintpaul 8.3% (4/48), Typhimurium 6.2% (3/48), Montevideo 6.2% (3/48), Enteritidis 4.2% (2/48), and 2% (1/48) for each of Israel, Hadar, and Branderup. Drug susceptibility testing showed that 39.6% of Salmonella were resistant to at least one antibiotic and 60.4% were susceptible to all tested antibiotics. The highest percentage of resistance was found to the following antimicrobial agents: nalidixic acid (27.1%), sulfonamides (25%), amoxicillin (12.5%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 12.5%, trimethoprim (10.4%), cephalothin (4.2%), and chloramphenicol (2.1%). Conclusions: This study revealed a relatively high prevalence of Salmonella in food products in Tetouan and a large percentage of drug-resistant strains. Hygienic measures should be rigorously implemented, and monitoring resistance of Salmonella is required to reduce the risks related to the emergence of multi-resistant bacteria.

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