scholarly journals Central Industrial District as an Attempt to Implement the Principles of Sustainable Development in the Inter-War Period Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Paweł Grata
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial District ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Infrastructure Investments ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Way

The interwar Poland was a poorly developed and unevenly developed country. The difference between regions was well to see between well-industrialized and so-called western “Poland A” and backward, agricultural and poor “Poland B” in the east. In the second half of the thirties of the twentieth century, Deputy Prime Minister Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski proposed taking action to eliminate the development differences between individual parts of the country. The government decided to build the Central Industrial District (COP), which was located in backward areas located in the central part of the country. The aim of the project was to implement a number of industrial and infrastructure investments and to make the first step on the way to blur the differences between “Poland A” and “Poland B”. Further, the creation of another industrial district east of the COP was assumed. In 1938, E. Kwiatkowski announced the so-called Fifteen-year plan, which was to bring the level of economic development to the level of the entire country until 1954. The large-scale implementation of investment under the COP was interrupted by the outbreak of World War II, but it turned out that the investments undertaken in the second half of the 1930s had a lasting effect. Established in this period, enterprises still play an important role in the economy of present-day south-eastern Poland (Podkarpacie region) and constitute an important element on the way to sustainable development of the country.Keywords: Second Polish Republic, Central Industrial District, state modernization, leveling of development, Eugeniusz Kwiatkowski

TO THE PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ANTI-CORRUPTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author reflects the existing problems of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation. He focuses on the opacity of the work of state bodies, leading to an increase in bribery and corruption. The topic we have chosen is socially exciting in our days, since its significance is growing on a large scale at all levels of the investigated aspect of our modern life. Democratic institutions are being jeopardized, the difference in the position of social strata of society in society’s access to material goods is growing, and the state of society is suffering from the moral point of view, citizens are losing confidence in the government, and in the top officials of the state.

Militaries’ Organizational Cultures in a Globalizing World

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Soeters
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Strategic Decision ◽  
Organizational Cultures ◽  
Military Organizations ◽  
Globalizing World ◽  
The Way

Organizational cultures in military organizations consist of symbols, practices, habits, hidden assumptions, and beliefs about what needs to be done, and what is appropriate and what is not, before, during, and after operations. Generally speaking, organizational cultures in military institutions are similar to those in any other work organization. Upon closer examination, however, it appears that the military’s 24/7, communal life outside society, its emphasis on hierarchy and discipline, and in particular its license to use large-scale force make it different. Relatedly, the way in which the military’s organizational cultures are created and recreated has aspects and emphases that are less common in conventional work organizations. Recruiting and socialization patterns of new organizational members in the military have been studied frequently because they are so distinctive in the armed forces. Military organizational cultures are not identical worldwide. Military organizations differ internationally, as military organizations are still strongly connected to their national backgrounds, including the languages, legal regimes, political atmospheres, and general ways of living in the many nations across the globe. National societies and their histories shape military organizational cultures in multiple ways. Dramatic experiences at the national level, for instance during World War II, may lead to a continuation or, just the opposite, the disruption of armed forces’ organizational cultures. Yet despite the differences, something of a world culture impacting on the use of force seems to emerge as well. In an era when international alliances carry out most missions, different national backgrounds influence strategic decision making and the way operations are conducted. Most of the time, national armed forces operate separately, in their own area (or time) of operations, sometimes guiding troops from smaller and less wealthy partnering nations. The coordination of actions between the various areas of operation is generally not very well elaborated. This applies not only to combat operations but also to peace missions. A full integration of national armed forces, such as in a United Nations security force or a European army, is an ideal that some may dream of, but it is still far from reality. The greatest degree of integration is likely to be found in international headquarters.

scholarly journals ESL in Australia – A chequered history

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rhonda Oliver ◽  
Judith Rochecouste ◽  
Bich Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
English Language Teaching ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
White Middle Class ◽  
Constant State ◽  
The Difference

A historical perspective of English as a second or additional language (ESL/EAL) in Australia reveals the field as in a constant state of flux, in spite of Australia’s status as a nation of immigrants. This paper provides a contemporary review of the various phases of English language teaching in Australia for both adults and school-aged learners. It does so in the context of earlier pro-British monolingual attitudes, external global forces, ongoing changes in education policy, more recent national assessment regimes and the various global and local developments in the teaching of second languages. Historically the impetus for teaching English as a Second Language came with large-scale post-World War II arrivals from Europe. Language support for child migrants was only introduced some time later and has continued, although decreasing in availability in recent years. From the 1970s, more focussed programs were instigated with the arrival of refugees from war-torn countries. In this paper we describe the constant changes experienced by the providers and the recipients of English language instruction in Australia. Theoretically, the development of ESL instruction in Australia began with an essentially post-colonial perspective whereby the process of assimilation focussed on normalising the difference and/or deficit of non-English speakers and attaining the language skills of normative white middle-class native speakers (Pavlenko, 2003). Despite various investments in multiculturalism, the non-native English speaker in Australia remains the ‘other’, subject to sometimes intermittent and ad hoc funded assistance. 

scholarly journals PRINSIP-PRINSIP TRANSFORMASI KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN DAN PENGENDALIAN PERUBAHAN IKLIM BERDASARKAN PARADIGMA SYSTEMS THINKING

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-29
Author(s):  
Mahawan Karuniasa
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Systems Thinking ◽  
Climate Change Policy ◽  
National Development ◽  
Global Development ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Government ◽  
Policy Transformation

The global development using economic has resulted social and environmental issues, including climate change. After the Silent Spring and Brundtland Report publicated, global development paradigm has changed, from economic to sustainable development. National development continues to support the growing population for moving forward into developed country. Nevertheless, the national development undertaken showed an unsustainable development pattern. This research aimed to obtain the principles of transformation sustainable development and climate change policy in Indonesia used Soft System Methodology. Reflections on sustainable development and climate change countermeasure showed that national development was economic-oriented and left environmental quality, green house gas pattern has been moving toward business-as-usual conditions. The principles of policy transformation to realize the sustainable development and climate change countermeasure in Indonesia, the paradigm, from static to a dynamic and holistic of Systems Thinking paradigm, especially for stakeholders and decision makers. It necessary to build awareness and operational actions of stakeholders, including the government institutions, that Law Nomor 32 Year 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management context of sustainable development to achieve sustainable Indonesia. To face global issues, such as climate change and sustainable development goals, need to constructed according to economic, social and environmental conditions.

Snow Avalanches

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christophe Ancey
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World War ◽  
Avalanche Behavior ◽  
Intensive Exploitation ◽  
Avalanche Dynamics ◽  
The Alps ◽  
The Difference

Avalanches have long been a natural threat to humans in mountainous areas. At the end of the Middle Ages, the population in Europe experienced significant growth, leading to an intensive exploitation of upper valleys. At almost the same time, Europe’s climate cooled down considerably and severe winters became more common. In the Alps, several villages were partly destroyed by avalanches, forcing inhabitants to develop the first mitigation strategies against the threat. By the late 19th century, the development of central administrations led to the creation of national forestry departments in each alpine country, principally to tackle the dangers posed by avalanches. As a result, forest engineers conceived not only the science of avalanches but also the first large-scale techniques to alleviate avalanche risks (such as reforestation). However, with the steady growth of transport, industry, tourism, and urbanization in high-altitude areas, these earlier measures soon reached their limits. A new impetus was then given to better forecasting avalanche activity and predicting the destructive potential of extreme avalanches. Avalanche zoning, snowfall forecasts, avalanche-dynamics models, and new protection systems for the protection of structures and inhabitants have become increasingly more common since World War II. With the advent of personal computers and the increasing sophistication of computational resources, it has become easier to predict the behavior of avalanches and protect threatened areas accordingly. The success of this research and the protection policies implemented since World War II are reflected in the drastic reduction in the number of disasters affecting dwellings in the Alps (most deaths by avalanche now occur during recreational activities). Significant progress has been made since the 1980s, leading to a better understanding of avalanche behavior and the mediation of associated risks. Yet we should not assume that this progress is steady or that our capacity to control such hazards is more advanced than it was two decades ago. Efforts to predict avalanches contrast with work in other sciences such as meteorology, for which forecasts have become increasingly more reliable with advancements in computational power. Explaining the difference is simple: in meteorology, the material is air, a substance whose behavior is well known. The main difficulty lies in the computation of enormous volumes of air encountering various flow and temperature conditions. For avalanches, the material is snow, a subtle mixture of water (in different forms) and air, whose behavior is remarkably complex. Modern models of avalanche dynamics are able to predict this behavior with varying degrees of success.

Отношение к нищим государства и общества в советское время (ATTITUDE TO THE POVERTY OF THE STATE AND SOCIETY IN SOVIET TIME)

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-62
Author(s):  
Наталья Валерьевна (Natalia Valerievna) Шляхтина (Shlyakhtina)
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
Soviet Time ◽  
The Government

Автор рассматривает социальную категорию нищих в религиозном контексте, а также в свете конкретной русской этнической традиции. В последнем случае нищие были близки группе «странников», богомольцев, которые посвятили свою жизнь паломничеству по святым местам. Между тем уже в начале XX в. немалое число нищих были просто бедняками, не имеющими дома и заработка. В советское время с нищенством начинают целенаправленно бороться, как с социально вредным явлением. Но при этом советская власть своими масштабными проектами – индустриализацией и особенно коллективизацией, борьбой с враждебными классами, порождала миллионы нищих. Она боролась с ними, как с врагами народа. Еще одна большая волна нищих появилась после Великой Отечественной войны, но и эти нищие не нашли должного сочувствия у власти. В целом, отношение к нищим в советское время можно охарактеризовать как репрессивное, вне традиции, вне религиозных норм, что служит обличением власти. The author considers the social category of the poor in a religious context, as well as in the light of a specific Russian ethnic tradition. In the latter case, the poor were close to the category of “wanderers,” pilgrims who dedicated their lives to pilgrimage to holy places. Meanwhile, at the beginning of the XX century. a considerable number of beggars were simply poor people who did not have a home or income. In Soviet times, the authorities began to struggle with poverty in a deliberate way, as with a socially harmful phenomenon. But at the same time, the Soviet government with its large-scale projects - industrialization and especially collectivization, the struggle against hostile classes - generated millions of beggars. It fought with them, as with the enemies of the people. Another big wave of beggars appeared after World War II, but these beggars did not meet the proper sympathy of the government. In general, the attitude towards the poor in Soviet times can be described as repressive, outside of tradition, outside of religious norms, which serves as a denunciation of power.

Regulating Natural Resource Funds: Alaska Heritage Trust Fund, Alberta Permanent Fund, and Government Pension Fund of Norway

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-173
Author(s):  
Temitope Tunbi Onifade
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resource ◽  
Pension Fund ◽  
Institutional Support ◽  
Trust Fund ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The Government ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Regulatory Analysis ◽  
The Way

The paper is a comparative regulatory analysis of the Alaska Heritage Trust Fund, the Alberta Permanent Fund, and the Government Pension Fund of Norway, as developed country natural resource fund (nrf) models. Its objective is to examine how nrfs are regulated. To achieve this objective, it explores and compares the socio-political contexts and regulatory features of the three nrfs, drawing lessons along the way. Given the dearth of publications on the domestic as opposed to the transnational regulation of nrfs, it carries out an original review of primary and secondary policy sources, both legal and non-legal documents, along with a synthesis of representative bodies of literature. It finds that nrfs are mainly regulated by laws and institutional support, which constitute four key regulatory features: legal frameworks and objectives, ownership regimes, structure and functionality, and governance and operation. The conclusion is that how nrfs are regulated, based on these features, determines their outcomes.

scholarly journals GLOBAL LARGE-SCALE LAND INVESTMENT IN AFRICA: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE ENVIRONMENT

AGROFOR ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayinka Idowu KAREEM
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sample Selection ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Land Resource ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Investment Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
Large Scale Land

The attainment of sustainable development goals (SDGs) in Africa will depend in part on its endowment, productivity and management of the land resource. Thus, due to the multipurpose usage of the land, there is more interest in its acquisition and usage, which often lead to competition among investors. More so, the intensive use of land for economic activities often impacts on the environment. This has implication for the target countries’ sustainable development. It is on this basis that this study investigates the effects of large-scale land investments on the environment. The study adopts the sample selection model to find that at the decision to invest, there is the tendency the environment gets more deplorable while the foreign investors sustainably use the land and this is not the case for domestic investors. At the actual large-scale land investment level, the foreign large-scale land investment has adverse effects on the environment, but they maintain sustainable use of land, while the domestic large-scale investment negatively impacts on both the environment and the sustainable land use. Climate change impeded the availability of large-scale land. Thus, although the large-scale land investments could mitigate the challenges of national food insecurity, there should be intense efforts by the government to continuously monitor and regulate the activities of these investors to conform with global environmental best practices.

H.D. and the Promise of Queer Kinship

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Colesworthy
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
World War ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
The Gift ◽  
Kinship Theory ◽  
The Way

This chapter aligns H.D.’s understanding of art as spiritual gift with recent queer critiques of kinship theory. H.D.’s posthumously published Notes on Thought and Vision in part reads as a treatise on kinship—on the way small-scale exchanges provide a basis for large-scale social formations. In identifying homoeroticism as the ground of Western culture and lending equal significance to masculine and feminine relationships, the text offers a queer alternative to Freud’s and Lévi-Strauss’s heteronormative models of kinship. Her World War II memoir, The Gift, also posthumously published, gives mythico-historical form to this alternative, drawing connections between her Moravian matrilineage, settler–Native relations, the current war, and her domestic life with Bryher. By further linking H.D.’s notion of the gift to developments in telecommunications, this chapter takes distance from atavistic, gynocentric, and elitist readings of her work while reconsidering the apparent contradiction between her limited publications and utopian ambitions for art.

scholarly journals The Key Factors Affecting Tree Producer Associations Involved in Private Commercial Forestry in Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 4013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvester Ngome Chisika ◽  
Chunho Yeom
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Community Empowerment ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
The Government

Formal tree producer associations are critical for the sustainable management of private commercial farm forests in Kenya. However, there is limited information on their current status and the key factors driving their operations in the country. This paper sought to address this informational gap by reviewing the existing literature in the country from the theoretical background of sustainable development and later validating the obtained findings with the current state of knowledge at regional and global levels. Results from document content analysis indicate that there are over 10,000 tree growing farmers organized into planting groups across the country after many years of piloting by the government and private sector players. At the national level, there are two associations. These include Kenya Forest Growers Association (KEFGA), mainly composed of large scale planters, and Farm Forestry Smallholder Producers Association of Kenya (FFSPAK), targeting small-holders. Besides these two, six major sub-national associations are seeking to improve members' welfare by enhancing the acquisition of livelihood assets. Further, various socio-cultural, economic, and political factors affect their operations in Kenya. These associations have deployed multiple strategies to benefit their members. However, the formation of savings and credit cooperative societies (SACCOs) seems to be their preferred mode of community empowerment. In conclusion, even though these associations are still at the infancy stage, their future remains promising in-view of the observed behavioral change in their governance, which appears to favor entrenched equality and equity towards sustainable development.

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