FUNCTIONS OF REMINISENCES IN CHRISTMAS STORIES OF MODERN RUSSIAN WRITERS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE WORKS OF Yu. BUIDA AND D. BYKOV)

The Little Match Girl by H.Ch. Andersen is a fairy tale that tells a tragic story about a child's death at Christmas night. Famous Russian authors Yu. Buida and D. Bykov have written stories with the same names (The Little Match Girl and The Little Match Girl Gives a Light). The authors deliberately used these names to show the relation with the famous work. In both stories, the action is set within the timeline defined by the canons of religious calendarial prose. There are miracles in the stories; the Christmas characters are archetypes, as they are kind, merciful and compassionate. The stories written by the contemporary authors are examples of a kind of a palimpsest. They show the socio-historical collisions and moral problems of the post-Soviet time. The article uses the comparative method which allows us to consider the types of characters, to find literary traditions and innovations in the prose of the writers. It is important to take an intertextual approach during (when) examining the stories. It helps identify and analyze how certain motifs and images relate in the 19th century literature and fiction texts of modern writers. This approach reveals the deep connection between the works and the texts of world and Russian literary classics.

Sources for the history of Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church (the former Jesuit Church) discovered in the funds of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv

The article analyzes the sources on the history of Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church (the former Jesuit Church) discovered in the funds of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv. In particular, the documents that are of practical importance for the process of church revitalization as the building remained closed from 1946 until 2011 are distinguished. The significant corpus of sources concerning the church history is the archive of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv, the depository of which was located in the church until the end of 2011. With these documents, it is possible to trace the history of the church building during the Soviet time and the changes that happened during this period. Moreover, the collection of photographic materials with the depiction of different parts of the church constitutes a significant corpus of sources. This information is valuable for the conservation professionals working on the renewal of church exteriors and interiors. Particularly, the photographs that show the process of the roof restoration in 1959 offer an opportunity to assess the degree of the ceiling destruction during the Second World War. Photographs of the frescoes in the main nave demonstrate the state of the ceiling and frescos as of the beginning of the 20th century and therefore give an insight into the progress of conservation works during the interwar period. The analysis of the photograph of the altar of Saint Stanislaw Kostka makes it possible to understand what one of the three chapels in the church looked like. The other two chapels (of the Virgin Mary and Saint Stanislaw Kostka) will be restored in course of time. As for the third chapel of Saint Benedict the Martyr, important documents concerning the restoration of this chapel at the beginning of the 20th century are stored in the funds of the library. With these documents, it is possible to specify the appearance of the chapel and the peculiarities of its decorations, as the chapel does not belong to the church nowadays. To sum up, it can be stated that the funds of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv contain a relatively small amount of materials on the history of Saints Peter and Paul Garrison Church (the Jesuit Church). At the same time, some of them are important for the studies of the history of the church, so they deserve attention from the researchers.

Renaming and Reclaiming Urban Spaces in Ukraine: The Perspective of Internally Displaced People

For more than six years, Ukrainian society has been constantly searching for ideas as to how to write a new “national biography.” In a society divided by armed conflict, the so-called decommunization process is considered to be an idea capable of uniting a nation. This process started back in 2015, with the passing of a specific law that required not only the deconstruction of Soviet-time monuments in public spaces, but also a huge decommunization of place names. The article will explore the main practices of place (re-)naming during the different stages of the decommunization (but not de-ideologization) of spaces, as well as describing the problems that may emerge in society as a result of a rapid transition from one narrative to another. Based on a case study of spatial identities of internally displaced people, I am going to answer the question of how people perceive renamed spaces, and how they reclaim and re-appropriate these spaces in the midst of an identity crisis.

Childhood years as generational capital: Narratives of the 1970–1978 cohort

People born in the 1970s in Estonia spent their childhood during Soviet times and experienced their coming of age during the transition years of the 1990s. Experiencing the Soviet regime as children gave them experiences of that era, but kept them at a distance from involvement in regime’s culpable actions. It also enabled them to start their adult lives during the transition times, adjusting to new transition routes. Remembering the Soviet era and the social change is a powerful resource for this group. This symbolic capital and socialisation perspective accentuates itself in different situations, but among others when evaluating young people’s performance or social conditions. Based on in-depth and focus group interviews with 47 representatives of this cohort and articles written in mainstream media, the article will scrutinise how the memories from the Soviet time as well as social transformation in the 1990s has shaped the generational consciousness of this age group. It will be argued that studying retrospective accounts of children about the times of change can be fruitful as it shows how these experiences are transformed into symbolic weapons in power games and shape the generational landscape and hierarchies. These experiences can be transformed into what will be conceptualised as generational capital.

Muravyov, V. (2020). Swift's way. Moscow: Rudomino. (In Russ.)

The book is a collection of two texts separately brought out half a century ago: one on Jonathan Swift (1968), the other on his famous novel Gulliver's Travels (1972). If on the first publication they attracted attention it was thanks both to the hero, presented as a satirist and political journalist, and the author Vladimir Muravyov (1939-2001), who enjoyed a reputation among Moscow intelligentsia as a dissident intellectual whose taste in poetry was appreciated by Anna Akhmatova. The texts in a new book are identical to those published in the Soviet time. Muravyov must have mastered stylistic inventiveness of his hero — to speak in a manner quite direct and at the same time elusive. He wanted to tell a life story of the writer whom he had chosen as one of his literary guides and whose lifelong battle on the side of the Reason must have looked too archaic, and therefore safe, to the Soviet censor but quite actual to the penetrating eyes of the audience.

TRADITIONAL CRAFTS OF DAGESTAN AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ART INDUSTRY

The article considers the history of relations of traditional art crafts of Dagestan with the Research Institute of Art Industry (RIAI). Due to its budgetary and personnel capabilities, the Institute tried to support the art crafts of Dagestan until the late 1980s. Since 1979, the Mahachkalinsky branch of RIAI has been working here. Artists, scientific employees of the Institute helped masters in search of prospective assortment for crafts, taught them skills to study the history of crafts, revival of traditions. The most significant role in such cooperation was played by scientific employees of the Institute: E. M. Shilling, E. M. Kilchevskaya, T. M. Razin, D. A. Chirkov, etc. Important for the crafts of the region was the assistance of the artists of the Institute in the execution of samples for introduction into serial production, the production of exhibits for All-Russian and international exhibitions, orders of state institutions and museums related to celebrations in the country of various anniversary. This practice was common for art artels, state mills of the Soviet time. Working with the artists of RIAI masters of Dagestan learned to draw up (drawings with pencil, Indian ink), compositions of patterns, to drafts of products, and also to collect field material on historical culture of crafts, to work as professional artists of applied art.

The Soviet person in post-Soviet time. Reflections on the book by V. I. Tolstykh “We Were. The Soviet Person As He Is”

The subject of this article is the evolution of Marxism in our country. Reflecting on the problems articulated by V. I. Tolstykh, the author discusses the professional convention as one of the mechanisms for transforming Marxist doctrine from the theory of revolutionary reform of society into the ideology, which justifies the totalitarian regime. This convention implies the right to misunderstanding and the right to ignorance. The first has two key tasks: 1) isolate the narration from profane interest, and 2) isolate the narration from “theoretical and political mistakes”. Misunderstanding as a latent component of social cognition and fundamental ignorance as limitation of the subject horizon of the theory of the “developed socialism” played a crucial role in metamorphoses of the Marxist thought in Russia. The following conclusions were made: either the philosopher confronts the world as a cognizing subject subordinated only to the interests of cognition, or he subordinates cognition to the interests of the world, primarily social. In the first case, the language must appropriately express what did not exist in mentality, language, and culture prior to it, while in the second case, the language is a means to safely glide over the surface of being, ensuring the faultlessly built theoretical scheme. In this case, philosophy, without explaining the world, gives the recipes for adaptation, survival, apology, and acceptance. The conflict of benefits and principles is resolved by aligning them, so that the theoretician formulates his position as sincerely ministering to the interests (of the party, doctrine, fundamental principles) of power. The author outlines two positions in defending the right to misunderstanding: the first suggest complication of language for preserving the authorial position; the second is the creation of theoretical schemes focused not on the real problems, but own logic. Misunderstanding as one of the strongholds of the thought is bounded up with ignorance. This allowed narrowing down the object horizon of science (theory), excluding the urgent problematic arbitrarily.

TB trends in the Russian Federation

To study the tuberculosis (TB) trends in the Russian Federation for 2010-2019 and 2020. Methods. The main epidemiological TB indicators, including TB-HIV co-infection and multidrugresistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) for 2010-2019 and 2020 were calculated. Results. The estimate number of TB deaths in 2015-2020 went down by at least 58.7%. The absolute number of incident TB cases (new cases and relapses) decreased by 32.5% in 2015-2020. By quarter’s I-III of 2020, the rates of primary MDR-TB increased up to 33.7%. Since 2016, the incidence of TB and HIV co-infection has been stable. The prevalence of TB has been continuously decreasing, and during the past 2-3 years, a decrease in the prevalence of TB- HIV co-infection and MDR-TB was reported. Conclusion. Russia has achieved the interim results of the End TB Strategy 2020, as well as the level of TB incidence corresponding to the late Soviet time. The growth of MDR-TB rate shows the need to expand the introduction of innovative anti-tuberculosis drugs and to revise the regimens for prevention of latent TB infection.

Soviet period in the history of tourism development in Russia: integration of cultural heritage, government policy, ideology, and economy

The object of this research is the history of tourism development in Russia. The subject of this research is the factors and peculiarities of the development of Russian tourism in the Soviet period (1918-1991). Based on documentary and literary sources, the author characterizes the peculiarity of the phenomenon of Soviet tourism following its key stages. Special attention is given to the integration of tourism, cultural heritage, government policy, ideology, and economy during the Soviet period. Tourism is viewed in the context of socioeconomic and political transformations of the Soviet society, cultural development, and attitude towards prerevolutionary cultural heritage in the Soviet society. The article traces the formation of a new socialist cultural heritage as a factor of tourism development, effective method of ideological education, and enlightenment of the population in the context of socialist ideas. The following conclusions were made: the groundwork on tourism laid in the prerevolutionary period have subsequently been transformed; the peculiarities of Soviet tourism formed with a clear ideological component and specific types. The author indicated impeccable success achieved in the tourism sector during this period; however, it took its own peculiar path. If the foreign countries were focused on improving comfort and infrastructure, commercialization and competitiveness of services between the travel agencies, then in Soviet Russia, tourism was controlled by the government and developed in the context of the objectives of party-state building. The author’s special contribution consists in carrying out periodization of the development of Russian tourism during the Soviet time; detailed characteristic of each period; determination of specificity of using prerevolutionary cultural heritage along with new cultural objects and traditions of the Soviet time in tourism. The novelty consists in revealing the key peculiarities and stages of tourism development in Soviet Russia. Tourism is viewed in relation to the development and new perception of the cultural heritage of Russia, as well as the development of peculiar unique approaches towards the dominant sites for tourist visits.

PERIODIZATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF OUT- OF - SCHOOL EDUCATION OF UKRAINE (SECOND HALF OF the XX - BEGINNING OF the XXI CENTURY)

The author singles out and characterizes periods of the development of out-of-school education in Ukraine (second half of the XX – beginning of the XXI century) – the period of the Soviet time (1952–1990) and the period of Ukraine as an independent state (1991–2014), the differences of which are determined by socio-political and socio-economic condition of the country. The publication identifies the main types of out-of-school institutions, the content, forms and methods of out-of-school education in each of the mentioned periods of its development.The author concludes that despite all the socio-political and historical difficulties, the system of out-of-school education in Ukraine (1952-2014) had positive trends in the formation of this component of continuous learning and in the direct impact on the individual.Key words: out-of-school education, development of out-of-school education, periods of development of out-of-school education, content of out-of-school education, forms of organization of out-of-school education, methods of out-of-school education, out-of-chool institution.