scholarly journals Transesterification of Algae Oil using K2CO3/ZnO Heterogeneous Base Catalyst

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1100-1104
Author(s):  
Jayashri N. Nair ◽  
Y.V.V. Satyanarayanamurthy ◽  
N.S.C. Chaitanya ◽  
M. Ramesh
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Test Procedures ◽  
Algae Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

The objective of the present work was to develop a heterogeneous base catalyst K2CO3/ZnO for transesterification of algae oil. This catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method calcinated at high temperature of 600 °C. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. The crude algae oil was degummed and its free fatty acid was reduced to 2 % by methanol treatment. Methanol was used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel using K2CO3/ZnO. The doping of 30 % K2CO3 on ZnO calcined at 600 °C was studied on biodiesel yield. The reaction parameters such as temperature, stirring rate, amount of catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester were investigated. Highest yield was obtained for 7 % catalyst, 9:1 methanol to molar ratio at 80 °C for 30 % K2CO3/ZnO. This study proved that the catalyst loading less than 5 % was unsuccessful in biodiesel yield. The physio-chemical properties of the produced algae biodiesel was determined as per ASTM test procedures.

Fatty acid methyl ester production from acid oil using silica sulfuric acid: Process optimization and reaction kinetics

2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Krunal Shah ◽  
Jigisha Parikh ◽  
Bharat Dholakiya ◽  
Kalpana Maheria
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Solid Acid Catalyst ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Kinetic ◽  
Silica Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Acid Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl

AbstractConversion of high free fatty acids (FFA) containing acid oil (AO) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a solid acid catalyst was investigated. Process parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and methanol to oil molar ratio were optimized using the Taguchi orthogonal array method. Maximum FFA conversion (97.16 %) was achieved under the optimal set of parameter values viz. 70°C, 4 mass % catalyst loading, and 1: 15 oil to methanol molar ratio after 90 min. SSA was reused three times successfully without a significant loss in activity. Biodiesel produced from AO met the international biodiesel standards. Determination of kinetic parameters proved that the experimental results fit the pseudo first order kinetic law.

Synthesis of Biodiesel Using Castor Oil under Microwave Radiation

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Yuan ◽  
Bolun Yang ◽  
Hailiang Zhang ◽  
Xiaowei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Microwave Heating ◽  
Microwave Radiation ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Radiation Power ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

The castor oil was adopted to synthesize biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, FAME) under microwave radiation. Acid catalysts (NaHSO4•H2O and AlCl3) and heterogeneous base catalyst (Na2CO3) were evaluated in the present study. The amounts of FAME in the product were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Experimental results show that the microwave radiation was an efficient method to enhance the reaction process. When the transesterification was carried out at 338 K, with 18:1 molar ratio of methanol to castor oil, 7.5wt% mass ratio of catalyst to castor oil, 200w microwave radiation power and 120 minutes reaction time, yields of 74, 73, 90% were obtained respectively using catalysts of NaHSO4•H2O, AlCl3 and Na2CO3. The energy consumed by microwave heating and conventional heating in transesterification were measured, and the results showed that the microwave heating consumed less energy than the conventional heating to achieve the same amount of FAME.

scholarly journals Palm Biochar-Based Sulphated Zirconium (Zr-AC-HSO3) Catalyst for Methyl Ester Production from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Umer Rashid ◽  
Soroush Soltani ◽  
Thomas Shean Yaw Choong ◽  
Imededdine Arbi Nehdi ◽  
Junaid Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Methyl Ester ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Impregnation Method ◽  
Spent Catalyst ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

A palm waste kernel shell biomass was converted into bio-based sulphonated activated carbon and further used for preparation of a sulphated zirconium-doped activated catalyst (Zr-AC-HSO3) by wet impregnation method. The structural, physicochemical, morphological, textural, and thermal characteristics of the synthesized Zr-AC-HSO3 catalyst were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (TPD-NH3), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The catalytic activity of the 20 wt% Zr-AC-HSO3 catalyst was further evaluated for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD). This study achieved a maximum fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield of 94.3% and free fatty acid (FFA) conversion of 96.1% via the esterification over 20 wt% Zr-AC-HSO3 using 3 wt% catalyst concentration, 15:1 methanol:PFAD molar ratio at 75 °C for 3 h. The experiments to test for reusability showed that the spent catalyst was stable for five successive reaction cycles, with a FFA conversion of 80% in the fifth cycle, without additional treatment. The critical fuel features of the synthesized PFAD methyl ester were determined and were within the range of EN14214 and ASTM D6751 standards.

scholarly journals Green Heterogeneous Base Catalyst from Ripe-Unripe Plantain Peels for the Transesterification of Waste Cooking Oil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olayomi Abiodun Falowo ◽  
Babatunde Oladipo ◽  
Abiola Ezekiel Taiwo ◽  
Tomiwa Ayomiposi Olaiya ◽  
Oluwaseun Oyekola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Amount ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

Abstract Economical feedstocks such as agricultural wastes, food wastes, and waste cooking oil were used for biodiesel production to expand their application. Thus, a solid base catalyst was synthesized from a mixture of ripe and unripe plantain peels at a calcination temperature of 500 oC for 4 h. The catalyst was characterized using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The waste cooking oil (WCO) used in this study was first pretreated with 3% (v/v) of H2SO4 via esterification reaction due to its high acid value. The esterified WCO was converted to biodiesel via transesterification reaction, and the process was then modeled and optimized using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design method considering reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst amount, and methanol/WCO molar ratio as the input variables. Based on the results, the synthesized catalyst predominantly contained potassium phases with 45.16 wt.%. The morphology of the catalyst revealed a crystalline mesoporous nanocomposite. At the end of WCO esterification, the acidity of the oil decreased from 5 to 1 mg KOH/g. The optimal conditions established for the transesterification process were catalyst amount of 0.5 wt.%, methanol/WCO molar ratio of 6:1, reaction temperature of 45 oC, and reaction time of 45 min with a corresponding biodiesel yield of 97.96 wt.%. The quality of the biodiesel produced satisfied the specifications (ASTM D6751 and EN 14241) recommended for biodiesel fuels. Hence, a blend of ripe and unripe plantain peels could serve as an efficient heterogeneous base catalyst in producing biodiesel from WCO.

Comparison of Biodiesel Production between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Base Catalysts

2016 ◽  
Vol 833 ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yie Hua Tan ◽  
Mohammad Omar Abdullah ◽  
Cirilo Nolasco Hipolito
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Operating ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Optimum Operating Condition ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

Homogeneous base catalyst has wide acceptability in biodiesel production because of their fast reaction rates. However, postproduction costs incurred from aqueous quenching, wastewater and loss of catalysts led to the search for alternatives. Heterogeneous base catalyst is developed to cater these problems. The advantages of heterogeneous catalyst are their high basicity and non-toxicity. This work compared the production of biodiesel using two different kind of catalysts that is homogeneous catalyst (sodium hydroxide, NaOH and potassium hydroxide, KOH) and heterogeneous catalysts (calcium, oxide, CaO catalyst derived from chicken and ostrich eggshells). Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) and methanol in the presence of heterogeneous base catalyst was conducted at an optimal reaction condition (calcination temperature for catalyst: 1000 °C; catalyst loading amount: 1.5 wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio: 10:1; reaction temperature: 65 °C; reaction time: 2 hours) with 97% biodiesel yield was obtained. While, the homogeneous base catalyst gave higher biodiesel yield of 98% at optimum operating condition (catalyst concentration: 0.75 wt%; methanol/oil molar ratio: 6:1; reaction temperature: 65 °C; reaction time: 1 hours). The slight difference in the biodiesel yield was due to the stronger basic strength in the homogeneous catalyst and were not statistically not different (p=0.05). However, despite these advances, the ultimate aim of producing biodiesel at affordable low cost and minimal-environmental-impact is yet to be realized.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

Conversion of Karanja Oil to Biodiesel Using Modified Heterogeneous Base Catalyst

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Divya Bojaraj ◽  
Sai Bharadwaj Aryasomayajula Venkat Lakshmi ◽  
Meera Sheriffa Begum Khadhar Mohamed ◽  
Anantharaman Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Karanja Oil ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

scholarly journals Transesterification Reaction from Rice Bran Oil to Biodiesel over Heterogeneous Base Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles Catalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Nur Fatin Sulaiman ◽  
Abdul Rahim Yacob ◽  
Siew Ling Lee
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Earth Metal ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Transesterification Reaction ◽  
Bet Surface Area ◽  
Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Base

This research focused on the use of heterogeneous base catalyst, calcium oxide (CaO), an alkaline earth metal oxide to produce biodiesel. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential of commercial calcium carbonate, CM-CaCO3 to be transformed to nanostructured CaO and further used as a heterogeneous base catalyst for single step transesterification of rice bran oil to biodiesel. The CaO samples were calcined at temperatures of 100°C to 700°C under vacuum at 10-3 mbar. TGA-DTA result displayed that the calcination temperature for CM-CaCO3 to form CaO must be higher than 600°C. This was supported by FTIR results which indicated the complete formation of CaO at 700°C. XRD showed the rhombohedral CaCO3 and hexagonal Ca(OH)2 were totally disappeared, leaving only crystalline cubic CaO at 700oC. Interestingly, CaO obtained at 700°C (CaO-700) showed the larger BET surface area and highest basicity with 11.5 m2g-1 and 1.959 mmol/g, respectively. The prepared nanostructured CaO-700 was selected and applied for single step transesterification reaction of rice bran oil to produce biodiesel. NMR and GC-FID results further confirmed that biodiesel was successfully formed using CaO-700 as catalyst.

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