Fatty acid methyl ester production from acid oil using silica sulfuric acid: Process optimization and reaction kinetics

AbstractConversion of high free fatty acids (FFA) containing acid oil (AO) to fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) using silica sulfuric acid (SSA) as a solid acid catalyst was investigated. Process parameters such as reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst loading, and methanol to oil molar ratio were optimized using the Taguchi orthogonal array method. Maximum FFA conversion (97.16 %) was achieved under the optimal set of parameter values viz. 70°C, 4 mass % catalyst loading, and 1: 15 oil to methanol molar ratio after 90 min. SSA was reused three times successfully without a significant loss in activity. Biodiesel produced from AO met the international biodiesel standards. Determination of kinetic parameters proved that the experimental results fit the pseudo first order kinetic law.

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Fatty Acid Methyl Ester (FAME) Production from Waste Cooking Oil

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.322 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1113 ◽

pp. 322-327

Author(s):

Norkamruzita Saadon ◽

Nor Ashikin Mohd Yusof ◽

Noraini Razali ◽

Marshahida Mat Yashim ◽

Amira Khairin Roslan

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Cooking Oil ◽

Acid Methyl

Biodiesel is clear liquid with a light to dark yellow color. Biodiesel is one of the alternative fuels that are attractive because of its favorable characteristics such as being non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable, carbon neutral and low emission. Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) is a type of biodiesel. In this study, it was produced by using transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) which was reacted with methanol and heterogeneous catalyst. The two heterogeneous catalysts that were used in this study were sodium (Na) metal hydroxide supported on oil palm frond (OPF) and Na metal supported on oil palm kernel shell (OPKS). The support metal used was sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH). OPF and OPKS were used as they are the major residues obtained from the oil palm plantation that covers approximately 14.72% of Malaysian’s total landmass. The parameters that in this study were the reaction temperatures of the transesterification process from 30°C to 60°C and the catalyst loading from 0.5wt% to 3wt%. The reaction time and ratio methanol to oil were kept constant which were 4 hours and 1:10 respectively. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of two different heterogeneous catalysts on both temperature and catalyst loading on the yield production of FAME. The results were obtained by using GCMS analysis. From the experiment that was conducted, the results of FAME production by using two different catalysts indicate that the higher the reaction temperature is, the higher the production of FAME which is at 60°C. It also shows that the percentage yield of FAME increases with the increase of catalyst loading until it reaches the best value which is at 1wt%.

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Comprehensive Comparison of Hetero-Homogeneous Catalysts for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Production from Non-Edible Jatropha curcas Oil

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal11121420 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 1420

Author(s):

Khawer Khan ◽

Noaman Ul-Haq ◽

Wajeeh Ur Rahman ◽

Muzaffar Ali ◽

Umer Rashid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Reaction Time ◽

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Low Cost ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Comprehensive Comparison

The synthesis of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas by transesterification is kinetically controlled. It depends on the molar ratio, reaction time, and temperature, as well as the catalyst nature and quantity. The aim of this study was to explore the transesterification of low-cost, inedible J. curcas seed oil utilizing both homogenous (potassium hydroxide; KOH) and heterogenous (calcium oxide; CaO) catalysis. In this effort, two steps were used. First, free fatty acids in J. curcas oil were reduced from 12.4 to less than 1 wt.% with sulfuric acid-catalyzed pretreatment. Transesterification subsequently converted the oil to biodiesel. The yield of fatty acid methyl esters was optimized by varying the reaction time, catalyst load, and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. A maximum yield of 96% was obtained from CaO nanoparticles at a reaction time of 5.5 h with 4 wt.% of the catalyst and an 18:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimum conditions for KOH were a molar ratio of methanol to oil of 9:1, 5 wt.% of the catalyst, and a reaction time of 3.5 h, and this returned a yield of 92%. The fuel properties of the optimized biodiesel were within the limits specified in ASTM D6751, the American biodiesel standard. In addition, the 5% blends in petroleum diesel were within the ranges prescribed in ASTM D975, the American diesel fuel standard.

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Utilization Of Sterol Glycosides In Fame (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) Byproducts From The Biodiesel Industry

EnviroScienteae ◽

10.20527/es.v15i1.6325 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 79

Author(s):

Noor Ridha Yanti ◽

Meilana Dharma Putra ◽

Agung Nugroho ◽

Hesty Heryani

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Catalyst Concentration ◽

Methyl Esters ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

National Standard ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Acid Methyl ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

By Products

In recent years, the development of renewable energy such as biodiesel has been widely researched throughout the world as technology advances in the era of Industry 4.0. At the final station of biodiesel production in the maturation tank, the by-products will form by-products in the form of sterol glycosides in Fatty Acid Methyl Esters which have not been utilized. This study aims to determine the volume of biodiesel from a mixture of sterol glycosides with a ratio of 0.5% H2SO4 catalyst concentration; 1%; 1.5% and 2% and tested their characteristics in accordance with the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 7182: 2015). Biodiesel production was carried out by esterification with a molar ratio of 1:6 (sterol glycoside: methanol) to variations in H2SO4 catalyst concentration. The results of the highest yield volume biodiesel were obtained from a catalyst concentration of 1.5% of 28.02% and the lowest yield of 17.50% in a 0.5% catalyst. Based on the characteristic test of biodiesel by varying the concentration of catalyst H2SO4 obtained density of 852 – 862 kg m-3, viscosity of 4.642 – 4.950 mm2 s-1 and saponification number of 191.007 – 198.164 mg-KOH g-1 according to standard characteristics SNI 7182:2015, while for the water content of 0.1965 – 0.1976% and acid numbers of 2.151 – 3.232 mg-KOH g-1 isn’t according to standard characteristics. Based on research, pre-treatment treatments was recommended before the refining process to reduce the amount of acid and moisture content so according to standard characteristics.

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Transesterification of Jatropha Curcas Oil to Biodiesel by Using Short Necked Clam (Orbicularia Orbiculata) Shell Derived Catalyst

Energy Exploration & Exploitation ◽

10.1260/0144-5987.30.5.853 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 30 (5) ◽

pp. 853-866 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Y.H. Taufiq-Yap ◽

H.V. Lee ◽

P.L. Lau

Keyword(s):

Jatropha Curcas ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Clam Shell ◽

Jatropha Curcas Oil ◽

Environmental Friendly ◽

Acid Methyl

Investigation has been conducted to develop an environmental friendly and economically feasible process for biodiesel production. Natural short necked clam shell was utilized as calcium oxide (CaO) source for transesterification of non-edible Jatropha curcas oil to biodiesel. The powdered clam shell was calcined at 900°C for 3 h to transform calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in shell to active CaO catalyst. The effect of catalyst loading, methanol to oil molar ratio and reaction time on fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield was investigated. Under optimal condition, biodiesel yield achieved 93% within 6 h at 65°C. As a result, the catalytic activity of waste clam shell-derived catalyst is comparable to commercial CaO catalyzed reaction. Hence, it can be used as another renewable yet cost-effective catalyst source for biodiesel production.

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Transesterification of Algae Oil using K2CO3/ZnO Heterogeneous Base Catalyst

Asian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.14233/ajchem.2019.21807 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 1100-1104

Author(s):

Jayashri N. Nair ◽

Y.V.V. Satyanarayanamurthy ◽

N.S.C. Chaitanya ◽

M. Ramesh

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Catalyst Loading ◽

Impregnation Method ◽

Base Catalyst ◽

Test Procedures ◽

Algae Oil ◽

Heterogeneous Base Catalyst ◽

Heterogeneous Base

The objective of the present work was to develop a heterogeneous base catalyst K2CO3/ZnO for transesterification of algae oil. This catalyst was prepared by wet impregnation method calcinated at high temperature of 600 °C. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction technique. The crude algae oil was degummed and its free fatty acid was reduced to 2 % by methanol treatment. Methanol was used to convert triglycerides to biodiesel using K2CO3/ZnO. The doping of 30 % K2CO3 on ZnO calcined at 600 °C was studied on biodiesel yield. The reaction parameters such as temperature, stirring rate, amount of catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio on the yield of fatty acid methyl ester were investigated. Highest yield was obtained for 7 % catalyst, 9:1 methanol to molar ratio at 80 °C for 30 % K2CO3/ZnO. This study proved that the catalyst loading less than 5 % was unsuccessful in biodiesel yield. The physio-chemical properties of the produced algae biodiesel was determined as per ASTM test procedures.

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Effect of Free Fatty Acid Pretreatment to Yield, Composition and Activation Energy in Chemical Synthesis of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

Indonesian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.22146/ijc.34492 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 592

Author(s):

Nor Saadah Mohd Alias ◽

Harumi Veny ◽

Fazlena Hamzah ◽

Noorhaliza Aziz

Keyword(s):

Activation Energy ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Methyl Ester ◽

Fatty Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Acid Methyl Ester ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Molar Ratio ◽

Ester Synthesis ◽

Acid Methyl

Transesterification of waste cooking oil (WCO) for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis using calcium oxide (CaO) as a catalyst with absence and presence of free fatty acid (FFA) pretreatment (untreated and pretreated) prior to reaction have been investigated. The preliminary study was started from theoretical stoichiometric amount molar ratio of methanol to oil. This preliminary experiment showed that indeed, in transesterification with the chemical catalyst the molar ratio of methanol to oil should be exceeding the theoretical stoichiometric molar ratio, due to the fast reversible reaction. The highest FAME content of 81% was achieved at a temperature of 75 °C with pretreated FFA. The composition of methyl ester with pretreated FFA was affected by temperature, where increasing temperature leads to increasing of methyl oleate as major methyl ester in the product. The relation of temperature dependence was further studied by Arrhenius law correlation. It is shown that activation energy was affected by pretreatment of fatty acid. The activation energy (Ea) of transesterification with untreated and pretreated free fatty acid were found as ± 16 kJ/mol and ± 68 kJ/mol, respectively. Unlike untreated FFA, the Ea of transesterification with pretreated FFA was within the range of activation energy for transesterification for the base catalyst. This study showed that methyl ester synthesis was best obtained when FFA was pretreated prior to transesterification. In addition, WCO is a potential feedstock for biodiesel production since it is biodegradable, economic, environmentally friendly and abundantly available.

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