scholarly journals The Flora of Azulejos in Maranhão, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Menezes ◽  
Alícia Ewerton ◽  
Amanda Garcia ◽  
Susana Dominici ◽  
Fabiane Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
New World ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Plant Parts

The azulejo (tile) styles from the Iberian Peninsula and other regions in the New World are strongly influenced by Muslim aesthetics. Many of the azulejos in Maranhão, Brazil, depict plants and plant parts, but little is known about their species identity. In this paper, we investigated the origin of 94 plants species illustrated on the azulejos in Maranhão based on their phytomorphic elements. Among them, twenty-five were from Asteraceae and eight were from Rosaceae. Most of the pieces are of Portuguese origin and the illustrations on the azulejos show a European lifestyle. For Brazilians, there was certainly no sense of belonging since the illustrations depict characteristics that are different from what is seen locally. Although the phytomorphic illustrations do not reflect local flora, azulejos have become the most characteristic symbol of Maranhão. Our research provides a preliminary data base upon which future works can be based to propose new prints of Maranhão plants and create digital guides that link historical information with botanical identifications.

The Prospects for Scientific and Technological Development in Saudi Arabia

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-372
Author(s):  
Joseph S. Szyliowicz
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
New World ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
World History ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific And Technological Development

Today we are witnessing a very rare phenomenon in world history: a state suddenly deluged with an apparently inexhaustible amount of wealth as occurred in sixteenth-century Spain and Portugal when the riches of the New World flowed to the Iberian peninsula. Now the ‘black gold’ under the sands of the Arabian desert has provided one of the most underpopulated and under developed regions of the world with an equivalent bonanza. The new wealth of Spain helped to ruin that country. What will be the fate of Saudi Arabia and its small neighbors?

Segregation or Choice?

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maristella Botticini ◽  
Zvi Eckstein
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Medieval Europe ◽  
History Of ◽  
Salient Features ◽  
The Middle Ages

This chapter assesses the argument that both their exclusion from craft and merchant guilds and usury bans on Christians segregated European Jews into moneylending during the Middle Ages. Already during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, moneylending was the occupation par excellence of the Jews in England, France, and Germany and one of the main professions of the Jews in the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, and other locations in western Europe. Based on the historical information and the economic theory presented in earlier chapters, the chapter advances an alternative explanation that is consistent with the salient features that mark the history of the Jews: the Jews in medieval Europe voluntarily entered and later specialized in moneylending because they had the key assets for being successful players in credit markets—capital, networking, literacy and numeracy, and contract-enforcement institutions.

scholarly journals Radio variability of blazars

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (S275) ◽  
pp. 164-167
Author(s):  
J. H. Fan ◽  
W. Xu ◽  
J. Pan ◽  
Y. H. Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Brightness Temperature ◽  
Data Base ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Light Curves ◽  
Spectrum Radio ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
Doppler Factor ◽  
Bl Lacs

AbstractIn this work, we present the analysis results using UMRAO preliminary data base. We used the light curves 1) to get the shortest timescales and then to get the brightness temperature so that we can estimate the Doppler factors; 2) to investigate the periodicity and discuss the variability index. We also used the data base to discuss the polarization properties of blazars. We found that the periodicity distribution in BL Lacs and that in the flat spectrum radio quasars should be from the same distribution. The Doppler factor in FSRQs is higher than that in BL. The polarization in BLs are higher than that in the flat spectrum radio quasars

scholarly journals ISSUES AND CHALLENGES OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE AS A NATIONAL LANGUAGE ON THE VERGE OF MALAYAN INDEPENDENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (41) ◽  
pp. 111-125
Author(s):  
Mohd. Sohaimi Esa ◽  
Romzi Ationg ◽  
Irma Wani Othman ◽  
Herlina Jupiter
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Sense Of Belonging ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
National Language ◽  
National Unity ◽  
Historical Information ◽  
Secondary Sources

The Malay language has been the main identification of Malaysia today. Such an identity has been the vehicle for national unity. Realistically, it is not only a means of communication, but more importantly, it mirroring the nation itself. Language also plays a significant role in shaping the identity, fostering a sense of belonging (esprit de corps), integration, and dignity in building a sovereign and independent nation. However, before becoming the national language, the Malay language encounters a number of issues and challenges in lead up of Malayan independence. By using a historical perspective, this paper dismantles both issues and challenges associated with a compromise that has taken place within the Alliance Party comprised of UMNO, MCA, and MIC. Accordingly, through this qualitative approach, an approach that focuses on historical information from secondary sources this paper narratively analyse the chronologic of the process to make the Malay language the national language. The results show that it is not easy to realize such an aspiration.

Resource partitioning within a browsing guild in a key habitat, the Chobe Riverfront, Botswana

2005 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 641-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimane W. Makhabu
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Resource Partitioning ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Food Resources ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Species Identity ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Elephant Population

Resource partitioning between elephant, giraffe, kudu and impala was assessed. This was to address concerns that elephant population increase adversely affects other species through depleting their food in key areas close to permanent water. Resources considered were woody species browsed, height browsed and plant parts browsed. Animals were observed as they browsed and the plant species, browsing heights and plant parts browsed were recorded. Observations were made over 1 y and the data were divided between wet and dry season. Schoener's index of resource use overlap was calculated for plant species, browsing heights and plant parts eaten and differences in overlap between wet and dry season were tested. Levin's measure of niche breadth in plant species utilized by the different browsers was calculated. Woody species identity was the main separator between food resources that elephant used and those giraffe, impala and kudu used. Giraffe, kudu and impala mainly browsed the same species and plant parts but browsed at different heights. There was no difference in resource use overlap between seasons with different resource availability. Since elephant browsed different woody species from those browsed by the others, it is unlikely that the increasing elephant population will deplete food resources for the other browsers.

Going Local and Global: Internal and Transatlantic Migration in Eighteenth-Century Spain

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-223
Author(s):  
Hillel Eyal
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
New World ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
The Social ◽  
Internal Migrants

Abstract Evidence from eighteenth-century marriage applications in Mexico City and Cadiz reveals that migration from Spain to the New World was primarily an extension of domestic movements from rural to urban areas, not the direct result of transatlantic networks. The migratory dynamism that pervaded Spanish society fueled Spain’s fledgling urbanization in the era of commercial capitalism, as peasants increasingly moved to towns and cities, especially to Cadiz. Many of these internal migrants subsequently used the social capital and other resources that they had accumulated in Cadiz and elsewhere on the Iberian Peninsula to facilitate migration to the New World.

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