scholarly journals COVID-19 pathology and therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeer El-menshawy ◽  
Khaled Sorour
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Standard Care ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has hit the world by surprise since its first outbreak in Wuhan, China resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths around the globe. The current situation is challenged by the lack of knowledge about the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Experts are not sure about the primary driver for mortality, is it the virus or the host immune response. The highly noted difference in outcomes reflects that individuals could react uniquely in response to infection where the inflammatory processes appear to impact the course and outcome of infection. Moreover, findings that came from COVID-19 autopsies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia could transform to a severe form of ARDS. This paper aims at addressing briefly various complications observed in COVID-19 patients and providing a list of drugs that could be incorporated as a part of standard care for patients that are most severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pathology and therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Sorour ◽  
Hadeer El-Menshawy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Standard Care ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has hit the world by surprise since its first outbreak in Wuhan, China resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths around the globe. The current situation is challenged by the lack of knowledge about the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Experts are not sure about the primary driver for mortality, is it the virus or the host immune response. The highly noted difference in outcomes reflects that individuals could react uniquely in response to infection where the inflammatory processes appear to impact the course and outcome of infection. Moreover, findings that came from COVID-19 autopsies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia could transform to a severe form of ARDS. This paper aims at addressing briefly various complications observed in COVID-19 patients and providing a list of drugs that could be incorporated as a part of standard care for patients that are most severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals H-Ras gene takes part to the host immune response to COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Salvatore Sciacchitano ◽  
Andrea Sacconi ◽  
Claudia De Vitis ◽  
Giovanni Blandino ◽  
Giulia Piaggio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Expression Analysis ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Ras Gene ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Ras Genes

AbstractRas gene family members play a relevant role in cancer, especially when they are mutated. However, they may play additional roles in other conditions beside cancer. We performed gene expression analysis using the NanoString PanCancer IO 360 panel in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of six COVID-19 patients and we found that H-Ras gene was significantly upregulated, while both K-Ras and N-Ras genes were downregulated. In particular, H-Ras gene upregulation was more evident in COVID-19 patients with a more severe disease. We compared our results with those obtained by analyzing two different and independent datasets, including a total of 53 COVID-19 patients, in which the gene expression analysis was performed using the Immunology_V2 panel. Comparative analysis of the H-Ras gene expression in these patients confirmed our preliminary results. In both of them, in fact, we were able to confirm the upregulation of the expression of the H-Ras gene. The exact role of this specific upregulation of the H-Ras gene in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and its possible role in cancer still remains to be elucidated. In conclusion, H-Ras gene participates to the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 virus infection, especially in patients affected by the most severe form of the COVID-19.

scholarly journals Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and Immune Response in COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehmet Demirci ◽  
Özge Ünlü ◽  
Akın Yiğin ◽  
Fadime Yıldız Zeyrek
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Amino Acid Sequences ◽  
Receptor Binding Site ◽  
The Third ◽  
Protease Cleavage ◽  
The World ◽  
Short Time ◽  
First Time

SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in Wuhan province of China for the first time in December 2019 and spread rapidly all over the world, is still causing an epidemic. SARS-CoV-2 is the third coronavirus outbreak we encountered after SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections. Due to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV infections, we have gained experience about the pathogenesis and immune responses of coronaviruses. However, studies have shown that, unlike the information derived from our experience, SARS-CoV-2 is both very infectious and its effect on cells is different. Therefore, we aimed to compile the data of the published studies on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and the resulting host immune response. In many studies, it has been reported that not only the presence of the host ACE2 receptor is sufficient for the infection of the host cell, but also the cleavage of the structural S protein by proteases should be materialized. It has been shown that, unlike SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, it contains different protease cleavage systems and amino acid sequences in the ACE2 receptor binding site. In SARS-CoV-2 infection, as reported in studies conducted up to now, Th1 and Th2-mediated cytokine and chemokine levels in the host are different than SARS-CoV infection, and also different chemokines can be upregulated compared to other CoVs. Considering that effective vaccines have not been developed for the infectious RNA viruses despite the ongoing trials for many years, in order to reveal all these differences in the pathogenesis and immune response process and to develop effective antivirals against SARS-CoV-2 within a short time. the need for comprehensive studies on host immune response is evident.

scholarly journals Host-Microbe Metagenomics: a Lens To Refocus Our Perspective on Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina L. Kalantar ◽  
Charles R. Langelier
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Simultaneous Assessment

A dynamic relationship involving pathogen, host immune response, and microbiome characterizes the biological framework of many infectious and inflammatory diseases. Combined host/microbe metagenomics (mNGS) enables simultaneous assessment of all three features, enabling the study and diagnosis of diverse infectious and inflammatory processes ranging from pneumonia to sepsis to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

Nihilistic Thinking as the Self-Will of the Mind and the Projects of Its Overcoming

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (10) ◽  
pp. 74-87
Author(s):  
Irina N. Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Self ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Radical Transformation

 The author analyzes the conceptions of ontological nihilism in the works of S. Kierkegaard, F. Nietzsche, M. Heidegger, E. Jünger. On the basis of this analysis, violence is defined as a manifestation of nihilism, of the “will to nothingness” and hypertrophy of the self-will of man. The article demonstrates the importance of the problem of nihilism. The nihilistic thinking of modern man is expressed in the attitude toward a radical transformation of the world from the position of his “absolute” righteousness. The paradox of the current situation is that there is the reverse side of this transformative activity, when there is only the appearance of action and the dilution of responsibility. Confidence in the rightness of own views and beliefs increases the risk of the violent imposition of own vision of reality. Historical and philosophical reconstruction of the conceptions of nihilism allowed to reveal the following projects of its comprehension and resolution: (1) the project of “positing of values,” which consists in the transformation of the evaluation, which is understood as another perspective of positing values, leading to the affirmation of being; (2) the project of overcoming nihilism from the space of temporality, carried out through the resoluteness to accept the historicity of own existence; (3) the project of overcoming nihilism as the oblivion of being from the spatial perspective of the “line,” allowing to realize the “glimpse” of being. The author concludes that it is impossible to solve the problem of violence and its various forms of its manifestation without overcoming “ontological nihilism.” Significant role in solving the problem of ontological violence is assigned to philosophy as a critical and responsible form of thinking, which is capable to help a person to bear the burden of the world, to provide meanings and affirm being, as well as to unite people and resist the fundamentalist claims of exclusivity and rightness.

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