scholarly journals Host-Microbe Metagenomics: a Lens To Refocus Our Perspective on Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases

mSystems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrina L. Kalantar ◽  
Charles R. Langelier
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Simultaneous Assessment

A dynamic relationship involving pathogen, host immune response, and microbiome characterizes the biological framework of many infectious and inflammatory diseases. Combined host/microbe metagenomics (mNGS) enables simultaneous assessment of all three features, enabling the study and diagnosis of diverse infectious and inflammatory processes ranging from pneumonia to sepsis to inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.

scholarly journals The Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 in Rheumatoid Arthritis

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel García ◽  
Carmen Conde
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Septic Shock ◽  
Dna Repair ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Genomic Stability ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Parp 1

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear enzyme with a crucial role in the maintenance of genomic stability. In addition to the role of PARP-1 in DNA repair, multiple studies have also demonstrated its involvement in several inflammatory diseases, such as septic shock, asthma, atherosclerosis, and stroke, as well as in cancer. In these diseases, the pharmacological inhibition of PARP-1 has shown a beneficial effect, suggesting that PARP-1 regulates their inflammatory processes. In recent years, we have studied the role of PARP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis, as have other researchers, and the results have shown that PARP-1 has an important function in the development of this disease. This review summarizes current knowledge on the effects of PARP-1 in rheumatoid arthritis.

Exploring the link between periodontal disese and general health issues

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Sim K Singhrao ◽  
St John Crean
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
General Health ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Definitive Evidence

The commonality in periodontitis with diverse inflammatory diseases is the silent emergence of pathology within the affected organ suggestive of a continual lowgrade chronic inflammation. The systemic circulation appears to be the conduit that disseminates inflammatory effectors from a given site to distant organs. Although definitive evidence remains tantalisingly out of reach, the inflammatory link between periodontitis and diseases such as atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer’s disease, involving cellular and humoral components of the innate immune response, is highly plausible.

Functional aspects of extracellular cyclophilins

2014 ◽  
Vol 395 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 721-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Hoffmann ◽  
Cordelia Schiene-Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Intracellular Signaling ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Signaling Cascades ◽  
Specific Inhibition ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Inflammatory Response To Injury

Abstract The cyclophilin family of peptidyl prolyl cis/trans isomerases includes several isoforms found to be secreted in response to different stimuli, thus existing both in the interior and the exterior of cells. The extracellular fractions of the cyclophilins CypA and CypB are involved in the control of cell-cell communication. By binding to the cell membrane receptor CD147 and cell surface heparans they elicit a variety of intracellular signaling cascades involved in inflammatory processes. Increased levels of cyclophilins in inflammatory tissues and body fluids are considered as an inflammatory response to injury. Thus, the extracellular portion of cyclophilins probably plays an important role in human diseases associated with acute or chronic inflammation like rheumatoid arthritis, sepsis, asthma and cardiovascular diseases. Specific inhibition of the cyclophilins in the extracellular space may open an effective therapeutic approach for treating inflammatory diseases.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pathology and therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Sorour ◽  
Hadeer El-Menshawy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Standard Care ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has hit the world by surprise since its first outbreak in Wuhan, China resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths around the globe. The current situation is challenged by the lack of knowledge about the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Experts are not sure about the primary driver for mortality, is it the virus or the host immune response. The highly noted difference in outcomes reflects that individuals could react uniquely in response to infection where the inflammatory processes appear to impact the course and outcome of infection. Moreover, findings that came from COVID-19 autopsies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia could transform to a severe form of ARDS. This paper aims at addressing briefly various complications observed in COVID-19 patients and providing a list of drugs that could be incorporated as a part of standard care for patients that are most severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pathology and therapeutics

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadeer El-menshawy ◽  
Khaled Sorour
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Standard Care ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The World ◽  
Primary Driver ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has hit the world by surprise since its first outbreak in Wuhan, China resulting in millions of cases and thousands of deaths around the globe. The current situation is challenged by the lack of knowledge about the COVID-19 pathogenesis. Experts are not sure about the primary driver for mortality, is it the virus or the host immune response. The highly noted difference in outcomes reflects that individuals could react uniquely in response to infection where the inflammatory processes appear to impact the course and outcome of infection. Moreover, findings that came from COVID-19 autopsies suggest that SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia could transform to a severe form of ARDS. This paper aims at addressing briefly various complications observed in COVID-19 patients and providing a list of drugs that could be incorporated as a part of standard care for patients that are most severely affected by SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Adenosine: a partially discovered medicinal agent

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohit Batra ◽  
Vinay Jain ◽  
Pankaj Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Host Immune Response ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Pentose Sugar ◽  
Nitrogenous Base

Abstract Background A plethora of chemicals exists in human body which can alter physiology in one way or other. Scientists have always been astounded by such abilities of chemicals but as the technology advances, even the chemical which was once expected to be well known changes its status to not really well known. Adenosine is one of the chemicals which is in consonance with the aforementioned statements, although previous articles have covered vast information on role of adenosine in cardiovascular physiology, bacterial pathophysiology and inflammatory diseases. In this review we have discussed adenosine and its congeners as potential promising agents in the treatment of Huntington’s disease, post-traumatic stress disorder, erectile dysfunction, viral infections (SARS-CoV) and anxiety. Main text Adenosine is a unique metabolite of ATP; which serves in signalling as well. It is made up of adenine (a nitrogenous base) and ribo-furanose (pentose) sugar linked by β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine on two successive phosphorylation forms ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) which is involved in several active processes of cell. It is also one of the building blocks (nucleotides) involved in DNA (Deoxy-ribonucleic Acid) and RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) synthesis. It is also a component of an enzyme called S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) and cyano-cobalamin (vitamin B-12). Adenosine acts by binding to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR: A1, A2A, A2B and A3) carries out various responses some of which are anti-platelet function, hyperaemic response, bone remodelling, involvement in penile erection and suppression of inflammation. On the other hand, certain microorganisms belonging to genus Candida, Staphylococcus and Bacillus utilize adenosine in order to escape host immune response (phagocytic clearance). These microbes evade host immune response by synthesizing and releasing adenosine (with the help of an enzyme: adenosine synthase-A), at the site of infection. Conclusion With the recent advancement in attribution of adenosine in physiology and pathological states, adenosine and its congeners are being looked forward to bringing a revolution in treatment of inflammation, viral infections, psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.

Human Gut Flora

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Abhijit Powar ◽  
Abhijit Powar ◽  
Gajanan Ekbote Sir ◽  
Namrata Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Intestinal Microflora ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Neoplastic Disease ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Gut Flora ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Complex Ecosystem

Background: The intestinal microflora is a complex ecosystem. An improved understanding of this hidden organ will reveal secrets that are relevant to human health and to several infectious, inflammatory and neoplastic disease processes. Given the ability of the immune response to rapidly counter infectious agents, it is striking that such a large density of microbes can exist in a state of synergy within the human host. Objective: The relevance and effect of resident bacteria on a host’s physiology and pathology are extremely diverse. An ever-increasing body of evidence implicates the GI microbiota in defining states of health & disease. Materials and Methods: We review the literature in adult and pediatric GI microbiome studies, the emerging links between microbial community structure, function, infection and disease, and the approaches to manipulate this crucial ecosystem to improve host health. Conclusions: Manipulation of the flora is becoming a realistic therapeutic and prophylactic strategy for many infectious, inflammatory and even neoplastic diseases within the gut. Based on the influence of prenatal and early postnatal microbial exposures on the developing immune response to gut microbiome, aberrations in adulthood associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, have revealed the complexity of our dynamic relationship with microbes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document