scholarly journals The frequency of formation of a motivated refusal to take androgenic anabolic steroids by men with recreational activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 341-350
Author(s):  
Mykola P. Lykhonosov ◽  
Alina Yu. Babenko ◽  
Viktor A. Makarin ◽  
Yury  N. Fedotov
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Clinical Work ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids ◽  
The Individual

BACKGROUND: The widespread use of AAS for non-medical purposes is more than often becoming the cause of secondary hypogonadism. The study of the formation of the negative attitude towards the use of AAS among the gym visitors is quite relevant. AIMS: To identify the frequency of the formation of a motivated refusal to continue taking androgenic anabolic steroids among men who voluntarily declared their use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 44 men, all users of AAS. There has been estimated the effectiveness of the clinical examination: how ready they were to disclose information about the use of AAS (drugs, doses, regimens, duration) or how much they were aware of the mechanisms of action of AAS and their effects on the body. The participants were also asked to evaluate their psychological and emotional state (on the scale Index of life satisfaction, Hamiltons depression, aggressiveness). The experience of our informational lectures on the topic Risks of using AAS prior to the selection of volunteers for research, anonymous surveys and interviews with potential participants in the clinical trial, the clinical work itself with the selected volunteers, the characteristic features of a medical history and tests that we identified were compared with clinical recommendations for hypogonadism diagnostic (domestic and foreign). RESULTS: More than 105 gym visitors responded positively to a motivated offer (free medical consultation and laboratory tests) to participate in a clinical study. Based on the results of the individual interview, 54 men (51.4%) who indicated the use of AAS signed an informed consent. 44 volunteers (41.9%) completed all stages of the study. Among them, 32 participants (72.7%) were aware of the mechanisms of action and side effects of AAS. 21 volunteers (47.7%) filled in the scales. The index of life satisfaction was determined as high, equal to 34 [29; 38] points; the index of aggressiveness was higher than the generally accepted standard and composed 27 [25; 29] points, the level of depression corresponded to a mild depressive disorder, equal to 9 [3; 12] points. Over the use of AAS 22.7% (n = 10) of the examined noted an increase in aggressiveness, which they themselves associated with the use of steroids. The clinical symptoms of hypogonadism (decreased libido, erectile dysfunction) after the cancellation of AAS were indicated by 25% (n = 11) of the volunteers and that was one of the reasons they continued to use anabolics. 31.8% (n = 14) of the participants were ready to completely stop using the steroids. CONCLUSIONS: Individual informational interviews aimed at providing knowledge about the negative effects of steroids on the body motivated the desire to stop using them amongst 31.8% of AAS users. The obtained data points out to a developed AAS addiction which requires the involvement of psychiatrists to get rid of it.

scholarly journals Peculiarity of recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (hpg) axis, in men after using androgenic anabolic steroids

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Mykola P. Lykhonosov ◽  
Alina Y. Babenko ◽  
Viktor A. Makarin ◽  
Yury  N. Fedotov
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Inhibin B ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Total Testosterone ◽  
Testosterone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Hpg Axis ◽  
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous recovery of the hypothalamicpituitarygonadal (HPG) axis after cessation of testosterone replacement therapy or after male contraception may take up to 24 months. There is insufficient data on the duration of recovery of HPG axis after abuse of androgenic anabolic steroids (AAS). AAS users use post-cycle therapy (PCT) to restore HPG axis, the effectiveness of which is unknown and needs further investigation. AIMS: To evaluate the recovery of HPG axis in men, AAS users, after a 3-month of cessation of their use and after PCT. METHODS: An observational, single-center, prospective, sampling, open, uncontrolled study was conducted among male AAS users. While using of AAS and 3 months after the refusal of their administration and PCT, the clinical symptoms of hypogonadism were evaluated, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), total testosterone (Tt), prolactin, estradiol, inhibin B, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) were determined. The scheme of rehabilitation therapy was the same and did not change throughout the study. Recovery criteria: Tt 3.4 ng/ml and LH 1.24 mIU/ml. The study was conducted from January to August 2019. Fishers exact test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Spearmans rank correlation coefficient were used. The differences were considered statistically significant at p0.05. RESULTS: The study included 44 men, their age 29 years [27.75; 34], the duration of the use of AAS is 6 months [3.52; 7]. During the use of AAS: LH 0.2 mIU/ml [0.04; 0.47], Tt 4.34 ng/ml [1.05; 8.81]. In this group, the number of men with a LH level 1.24 mIU / ml was 84% (n=37) and Tt 3.4 ng/ml was 47.7% (n=21). After 3 months, the LH level reached 4.12 mIU/ml [2.58; 5.84], Tt 4.55 ng/ml [3.76; 6.24]. At the same time, the level of Tt 3.4 ng/ml remained in 20.5% (n=9), and LH 1.24 mIU/ml in 4.5% (n=2) men. According to the level of recovery of LH and Tt, patients were divided into two groups: with satisfying (n=35; 79.5%) and poor (n=9; 20.5%) recovery. A clear correlation was established between the duration of use (-0.857; p0.0001), the amount (-0.443; p=0.003), the dose (-0.7825; p0.0001), the type of AAS (-0.698; p0.0001) and testosterone level recovery. A correlation between inhibin B and Tt (0.418; p=0.005) was revealed. CONCLUSIONS: A three-month refusal to use AAS with PCT led to the restoration of HPG axis a in 79.5% of the volunteers. In 20.5% of cases, recovery did not occur. The negative effect of the duration of use, the number of simultaneously administered drugs, their dose and type of AAS on the restoration of HPG axis was established. The level of inhibin B may serve as a marker for the restoration of spermatogenic epithelium.

scholarly journals Marshall McLuhan’s General Theory of Media (GToM), His Laws of Media; Comparing Three Kinds of Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert K. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
General Theory ◽  
The Body ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Scientific Laws ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Legal Sense

We suggest that despite McLuhan’s claim not to have a theory of communication that in fact the body of his work does indeed constitute a theory of media and their effects which I have called his General Theory of Media (GToM) that also includes his Laws of Media (LoM). Both McLuhan’s GToM and his LoM are described. A comparison is made of three notions of law: i. McLuhan’s notion of law as used in his Laws of Media; ii. the notions of the Law in the legal sense and iii. the notion of law as formulated in scientific laws. McLuhan’s understanding of media is used to analyze some of the negative effects of social media suggesting that laws need to be formulated to prevent the misuse of social media that are antithetical to democracy and the invasion of the privacy of the individual users of these apps. McLuhan’s Laws of Media are then used to provide insights into the nature of scientific laws, the Law in the legal sense and his own Laws of Media.

scholarly journals Polycythemia: a mystery solved by history

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3746
Author(s):  
Chetan Kalal ◽  
Atif Patel ◽  
Adinath Wagh ◽  
Harshad Joshi ◽  
Samit Jain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Cell Mass ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
Quick Recovery ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Androgenic Anabolic Steroids ◽  
Do So

Testosterone is responsible for increased muscle mass. Leaner body mass helps control weight and increases energy. High levels of testosterone help build muscles and also stimulate growth in strength. Androgenic-anabolic steroids (AAS) are drugs that are structurally related to the cyclic steroid rings system and have similar effects to testosterone in the body. Athletes who abuse steroids do so for muscle growth and quick recovery. Testosterone - whether it's injected, applied via a patch or cream, or taken orally - allows athletes to rapidly increase muscle mass beyond their usual capacity, and also reduces their recovery time which allows them to train continuously with little need to rest their bodies in between workouts. Physiologically, erythrocytosis is defined by an erythrocyte mass that exceeds 125% of that predicted for sex and body mass. Much of the concern with the use of testosterone involves increase in blood viscosity, resulting from increased red blood cell mass causing a potential increased risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), myocardial infarction (MI), and cerebrovascular accidents (CVA). We report a case of secondary polycythemia related to testosterone therapy.

scholarly journals Correlation between Knowledge and Attiude of Mother with Giving Vitamin A to Toddlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-109
Author(s):  
Prasetyaningsih Prasetyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin A ◽  
Health Center ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
The Body ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Background: Vitamin A is one of the important nutrients that are fat-soluble and stored in the liver, cannot be made by the body, so it must be fulfilled from the outside (essential). 40 million children suffer from vitamin A deficiency and 13 million children show clinical symptoms of eye disorders. Pariaman Health Center is the region with the lowest coverage of vitamin A, which is 74% of 1546 toddlers. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the level of knowledge and attitudes of mothers with giving vitamin A for toddler in Pariaman Health Center, pariaman city, 2017. Methods: This type of analytic descriptive research using the approach is cross sectional. The study was conducted in Pariaman Health Center in September 2017. The study population was mothers who had toddler who were in the work area of Pariaman Health Center totaling 1,546 people, 93 samples were obtained using accidental sampling method Data processing was Univariate and Bivariate using Chi Square analysis computerized. Results: Univariate results showed that 51.6% had low knowledge, 64.5% had a negative attitude, 64.5% gave vitamin A capsules for toddlers. There is a significant relationship between the knowledge of mothers with giving vitamin A for toddlers, p value 0.001 <0.05. There was a significant correlation between the attitudes of mothers with giving vitamin A, p value 0.001 <0.05. Conclusion: The low coverage of vitamin A in Pariaman Health Center was apparently influenced by a lack of knowledge and also a negative mother's attitude. It is expected that the health center will further improve health services to the community, should counseling about vitamin A be held every month so that mothers' understanding of vitamin A increases

Development of body image in adolescence

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Наталия Авдюнина ◽  
Nataliya Avdyunina
Keyword(s):  
Body Image ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Role Identity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sex Role Identity ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Main Component

The article is devoted to the study of the formation of body image in adolescence, relations to other components. Body image is a concept, which includes perceptions of one’s own body, sensual painting of this perception and how, in his opinion, along with its surrounding; it is a kind of system of human representations about the physical side of the self, about my body. The main component of body image is knowledge of the individual about himself, of his physical component. Body image is an important component of self-consciousness. In personality develop- ment is the crisis period of early adolescence because in this phase is the destruction of old and formation of new image of the body that influences personality, his attitude. A negative attitude towards your body can lead to mental disorders, increased levels of anxiety and inappropriate behavior. Therefore, in this study, we considered this age stage of the individual. The article presents the structure of body image, its main components, based upon the results of the study. The author suggests that the development of body image in adolescence becomes successful in the implementation of components of body image that includes a foreign body, boundaries, body image and sex- role identity. We also think that positive body image is associated with such personality traits as self-confidence, sociability, responsibility, independence and depends on how people are satisfied with their appearance.

scholarly journals The structural diversity of teaching abilities of primary school teacher

2020 ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
I. Demchenko ◽  
B. Maksymchuk ◽  
O. Protas ◽  
A. Predyk ◽  
L. Vysochan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Education ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Negative Attitude ◽  
Structural Diversity ◽  
Primary Teachers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary School Teacher ◽  
Physical Culture ◽  
The Individual

Expand and deepening of detailed researches into the problems of training future primary teachers in physical education is very necessary under modern conditions. Scientists pay special attention to the creation and introduction of active methods of study, the skilful use of which would contribute to increasing efficiency in the acquisition by students of professional knowledge, skills in the organization of physical education process of pupils.  Physical culture lessons in their modern format are insufficient in themselves to maintain health of children, because they are often carried out unskilled, uninteresting, which creates an additional study load, negative attitude of pupils to school physical culture is produced as a kind of secondary educational subject. There is a hopeless situation under such conditions, at first sight. Therefore, the way out of the situation that now has developed is to review fundamentally tasks, essence, functions, forms and technological foundations of physical education at school. First of all, it is necessary to go beyond the traditional perception of physical culture as means of conducting only appropriate lessons. Physical culture should be considered a key component of human culture and not only as the development of individual physical qualities of the body, as universal means and prerequisite for the formation of all qualities of the individual - ethical, emotionally and strong-willed, intellectual and creative, permissive-entertainment, spiritual in general.  The activity components of the organizer of sports and mass work at primary school, listed in the research, are interconnected, constitute the main content of the structure of his abilities, although they are constantly improved in the processes of their manifestation. Also our observations convince that each individual teacher is most often dominated by some one of the components just named. One teacher is well produced with organizational tasks, another with Gnostic, and another with communicative tasks. This is the individual style of activity and the development level of his pedagogical abilities.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF UNILATERAL SCIATIC NERVE LIGATION ON THE TUMOR-BEARING RATS WITH THE FEATURES OF SYSTEMIC REGULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
O. I. Kit ◽  
G. V. Zhukova ◽  
A. I. Shikhlyarova ◽  
A. S. Goncharova ◽  
S. Yu. Tkachev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Motor Activity ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Tumor Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tumor Growth Rate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
The Individual

The issue of factors that modify the tumor process stays relevant. The effect of unilateral sciatic nerve ligation on the growth of Guerin's transplantable carcinoma and the lifespan of white outbred rats of the same age, which differed in adaptation status and aging rates, was studied.Material and Methods. The motor activity (open field test), the character and tension of the general nonspecific adaptional reactions of the body (AR) according to Garkavi–Kvakina–Ukolova, the dynamics of tumor sizes and the lifespan of rats after Guerin’s carcinoma transplantation were evaluated.Results. The effect of unilateral sciatic nerve ligation differed from the unidirectional negative effects known in tumor-bearing animals after bilateral ligation of the sciatic nerve. In groups with unilateral ligation of the sciatic nerve and a false operation, more than 40 % of animals showed an increase in lifespan compared with the maximum lifespan in the control group. At the same time, in the most cases, the tumor growth rate was similar to the control indicators or exceeded them (more 25 % of cases). A temporary inhibition of tumor growth was observed only in individual animals. There was no direct relationship between tumor growth or lifespan and the degree of decrease in the motor activity of animals 4 weeks after nerve ligation. A correlation between the changes in the ARs and lifespans of animals and, to a lesser extent, the dynamics of tumor growth was observed. The distinct negative effect of increased aging rate, measured by animal weight, on tumor development and lifespan in studied rats was shown, but not in the cases of sciatic nerve ligation. Unilateral sciatic nerve ligation had a multidirectional effect on tumor growth and lifespan in rats with different rates of aging, depending, probably, on the individual pain sensitivity and the individual features of systemic regulation of tumor-bearing animals.Conclusion. The results reflect the complex relationship between processes associated with chronic pain, oncogenesis, aging and features of neuroendocrine and immune regulation of experimental animals. The question of the reasons for the preservation of viability in animals that underwent surgery and ligation of the sciatic nerve, when the tumors reach large sizes, exceeding this indicator in the control group, needs to be clarified. 

Influence of stable iodine on the uptake of the thyroid – model vs. experiment

2001 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Wellner ◽  
E. Voth ◽  
H. Schicha ◽  
K. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Iodine Supply ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stable Iodine

Summary Aim: The influence of physiological and pharmacological amounts of iodine on the uptake of radioiodine in the thyroid was examined in a 4-compartment model. This model allows equations to be derived describing the distribution of tracer iodine as a function of time. The aim of the study was to compare the predictions of the model with experimental data. Methods: Five euthyroid persons received stable iodine (200 μg, 10 mg). 1-123-uptake into the thyroid was measured with the Nal (Tl)-detector of a body counter under physiological conditions and after application of each dose of additional iodine. Actual measurements and predicted values were compared, taking into account the individual iodine supply as estimated from the thyroid uptake under physiological conditions and data from the literature. Results: Thyroid iodine uptake decreased from 80% under physiological conditions to 50% in individuals with very low iodine supply (15 μg/d) (n = 2). The uptake calculated from the model was 36%. Iodine uptake into the thyroid did not decrease in individuals with typical iodine supply, i.e. for Cologne 65-85 μg/d (n = 3). After application of 10 mg of stable iodine, uptake into the thyroid decreased in all individuals to about 5%, in accordance with the model calculations. Conclusion: Comparison of theoretical predictions with the measured values demonstrated that the model tested is well suited for describing the time course of iodine distribution and uptake within the body. It can now be used to study aspects of iodine metabolism relevant to the pharmacological administration of iodine which cannot be investigated experimentally in humans for ethical and technical reasons.

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