scholarly journals Mycelial biomass cultivation of Lentinus crinitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Itaruã Machri Colla ◽  
Olavo Bilac Quaresma de Oliveira Filho ◽  
Janyeli Dorini Silva de Freitas ◽  
Míria Benetati Delgado Bertéli ◽  
Giani Andrea Linde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Biomass Growth ◽  
Mycelial Biomass ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Temperature Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Lentinus crinitus is a medicinal basidiomycete, little studied regarding the basic cultivation conditions, which is used in bioremediation and consumed by native Indians from the Brazilian Amazon. Also, it produces a fungal secondary metabolite panepoxydone that has been described as an essential regulator of the inflammatory and immune response. This study aimed to evaluate basic conditions of temperature, pH, and nitrogen concentration and source in the cultivation of L. crinitus mycelial biomass. In order to evaluate fungal growth temperature, 2% malt extract agar (MEA) medium, pH 5.5, was utilized from 19 to 40 °C. For pH, MEA had pH adjusted from 2 to 11 and cultivated at 28 °C. Urea or soybean meal was added to MEA to obtain final concentration from 0.5 and 16 g/L of nitrogen, pH of 5.5, cultivated at 28 °C. The best temperature growth varies from 31 to 34 ºC and the optimal one is 32.7º C, and the best pH ranges from 4.5 to 6.5 and the optimal one is 6.1. Protein or non-protein nitrogen concentration is inversely proportional to the mycelial biomass growth. Nitrogen concentrations of 2.0 g/L soybean meal and urea inhibit mycelial biomass growth in 11% and 12%, respectively, but high concentrations of 16.0 g/L nitrogen inhibit the growth in 46% and 95%, respectively. The fungus is robust and grows under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, but smaller adaptation with increasing nitrogen concentrations in the cultivation medium, mainly non-protein nitrogen.

Bark degradation by Aspergillus fumigatus. Growth studies

1974 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. Marie Nordström
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Aspergillus Fumigatus ◽  
Submerged Culture ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Solid Material ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

A fungus, Aspergillus fumigatus Fres., which used bark as its sole carbon and energy source, was isolated. Difficulties arose in measuring fungal growth, since the hyphae and the bark could not be separated. Measurement of the weight loss of the solid material did not quantitatively estimate fungal growth. Therefore, two methods were developed to estimate fungal mass when the carbon and energy source is particulate and contributes to the parameter used as a measure of growth. They were based on determination of nitrogen either in the solid material or in the medium. The nitrogen concentration in A. fumigatus was found to be nearly constant throughout the growth cycle and to be independent of the carbon and nitrogen concentrations in the medium but to vary with the carbon source used.Aspergillus fumigatus was grown at 37C as a submerged culture in salts medium with finely ground bark from Picea abies as sole carbon and energy source. The bark medium was heat-sterilized before inoculation with spores. The fungus utilized cellulose and hemicellulose but not lignin. Substances solubilized from the bark contributed to the growth. The yield was the same on unextracted as on water-extracted bark, although growth was delayed on the former. Growth was rapid and comparable to growth on other polymeric polysaccharides, i.e. starch. Aspergillus fumigatus degraded 32–40% of the polymeric part of the bark within 4 days and with an economic coefficient of about 50%.

Factors affecting vegetative growth and the production of perithecia in culture by Ophiobolus graminis. I. Variations in media and age of mycelium

1970 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Weste
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Concentration ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Solid Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Restricted Range ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Carbon Concentrations

Perithecia were readily produced in culture on a suitable solid medium under certain conditions of light and temperature, once vegetative growth was established. Investigations into the carbon and nitrogen requirements for both vegetative growth and fruiting showed that, whereas vegetative growth increased with increasing carbon supplies up to10%, reproduction occurred only within a restricted range of carbon and nitrogen concentrations. No perithecia were produced on a starvation medium. Factors involved in fruiting included concentration of nutrients and the balance between them; both were important. A suitable fruiting medium required a minimum carbon concentration of 3000 p.p.m., supplied as 0.75 % glucose or fructose, and an optimum carbon concentration of 6000 p.p.m. supplied as 1.5 % glucose or fructose. The maximum number of perithecia was produced on a medium containing 1% glucose and 0.2 % asparagine (400 p.p.m. nitrogen), which had a carbonlnitrogen ratio of 11.8. A higher than optimum nitrogen concentration was partially offset by increasing the carbon concentration, that is by keeping the carbonlnitrogen ratio approximately constant. The actual concentrations inhibiting and promoting fruiting of the fungus were influenced by the balance between carbon and nitrogen supplies. High concentrations of carbon and nitrogen increased vegetative growth but decreased the number of perithecia. There was no sudden inhibition of perithecia with increased carbon concentrations, but at 10% glucose (40,000 p.p.m. carbon) vegetative growth and pigmentation were maximal but few or no perithecia developed. No evidence was obtained that perithecial production was influenced by ageing of the mycelium, the presence of staling factors, or exhaustion of food supplies.

Effect of seed weight, and seed phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations on the early growth of wheat seedlings

1990 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 545 ◽  
Author(s):  
DGDe Marco ◽  
Marco DG De
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Sand Culture ◽  
Wheat Seedlings ◽  
P Content ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

Wheat seeds of uniform weight selected from 3 batches of seed with phosphorus (P) concentrations of 0.14, 0.17 and 0.19% were sown in soil with a range of applied P treatments. Seedling emergence was more rapid the higher the seed P. By 25 days after sowing all plants grown at the highest concentration of applied P were similar in size, but with lower applied P, plants from seed with higher P concentrations had an advantage. A range of weight classes was selected from 2 batches of seed raised at low or high concentrations of P. There were 11 groups ranging in mean seed weight from 28 to 58 mg and in seed P from 0.13 to 0.37%. Seedlings from the high P batch had larger first leaves, a higher dry weight, and longer roots than those from the low P batch when grown in a highly P-deficient sand culture system. Within each batch, heavier seeds produced larger leaves, heavier plants and longer roots. The yield differences between batches were largely accounted for if the seed P content (�g P/seed) was considered rather than either percentage P or seed weight alone. Differences in seed nitrogen concentration or content did not consistently account for differences in seedling growth.

scholarly journals Cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju on banana stalk and Bahia grass based substrates

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Félix G de Siqueira ◽  
Emerson T Martos ◽  
Romildo da Silva ◽  
Eustáquio S Dias
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Textile Mill ◽  
Physicochemical Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Pleurotus Sajor Caju ◽  
Bahia Grass ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Cultivation Substrate ◽  
Protein Rich

Banana stalks and Bahia grass were utilized as basic starting materials for the production of the mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju. Banana stalks were combined with other waste or supplement products (wheat bran, coast-cross hay, bean straw and cotton textile mill) to obtain different nitrogen concentrations. Since Bahia grass is relatively rich in protein, it was combined with other substrates (banana stalk, coast-cross hay and bean straw) to maintain a substrate nitrogen concentration of about 1.5%. Banana stalks and Bahia grass were both more efficient in the production of the mushroom P. sajor-caju when utilized without the addition of other substrates, with biological efficiencies of 74.4% and 74.12%, respectively. When combined with other substrates or grasses, there was a drop in biological efficiency, independent of the concentration of nitrogen. Furthermore, the addition of protein-rich waste to banana stalks resulted in a decrease or absence of fructification, which indicates that high concentrations of nitrogen in the cultivation substrate may hinder the cultivation of this mushroom. On the other hand, results reveal that the ideal concentration of nitrogen may depend on other physicochemical factors and these factors may determine the success in cultivating P. sajor-caju. Therefore, we conclude that P. sajor-caju may be cultivated on banana stalk and Bahia grass as pure substrates, not being necessary their supplementation or combine them with another substrates.

Nitrogen cycling in a Venezuelan tropical seasonally flooded forest: soil nitrogen mineralization and nitrification

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barrios E. ◽  
Herrera R.
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Flooded Forest ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Minimum Stress ◽  
Seasonally Flooded

ABSTRACTSeasonally flooded forests represent a transition between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. The Mapire river, a tributary of the Orinoco river, floods its surrounding forests during the wet season (May–December). The soils are very acid and the total nitrogen concentration (0.1%) is only half that found in nearby soils flooded by Orinoco waters. Ammonium-nitrogen predominates in the soil during the flooded period while nitrate-nitrogen concentrations are higher in the dry period. Wide fluctuations in the inorganic nitrogen fractions did not considerably affect the annual course of soil nitrogen.The predominance of mineralization versus nitrification (56 and 5 μgsoil month−1respectively) and possibly the synchronization of nitrogen availability with plant demand could be considered as nitrogen conserving mechanisms.In synchrony with the hydrologic cycle, the seasonally flooded forest studied shows a nitrogencycle where inputs and accumulation are maximized when the system is under minimum stress (dry season). During flooding, the system enters a period of dormancy making minimal use of nutrient and energy to avoid or tolerate anaerobiosis.

scholarly journals The Fitness Advantage of Commercial Wine Yeasts in Relation to the Nitrogen Concentration, Temperature, and Ethanol Content under Microvinification Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 704-713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estéfani García-Ríos ◽  
Alicia Gutiérrez ◽  
Zoel Salvadó ◽  
Francisco Noé Arroyo-López ◽  
José Manuel Guillamon
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wine Yeast ◽  
Wine Industry ◽  
Wine Yeasts ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Fitness Advantage ◽  
Yeast Strains ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

ABSTRACTThe effect of the main environmental factors governing wine fermentation on the fitness of industrial yeast strains has barely received attention. In this study, we used the concept of fitness advantage to measure how increasing nitrogen concentrations (0 to 200 mg N/liter), ethanol (0 to 20%), and temperature (4 to 45°C) affects competition among four commercial wine yeast strains (PDM, ARM, RVA, and TTA). We used a mathematical approach to model the hypothetical time needed for the control strain (PDM) to out-compete the other three strains in a theoretical mixed population. The theoretical values obtained were subsequently verified by competitive mixed fermentations in both synthetic and natural musts, which showed a good fit between the theoretical and experimental data. Specifically, the data show that the increase in nitrogen concentration and temperature values improved the fitness advantage of the PDM strain, whereas the presence of ethanol significantly reduced its competitiveness. However, the RVA strain proved to be the most competitive yeast for the three enological parameters assayed. The study of the fitness of these industrial strains is of paramount interest for the wine industry, which uses them as starters of their fermentations. Here, we propose a very simple method to model the fitness advantage, which allows the prediction of the competitiveness of one strain with respect to different abiotic factors.

Digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma metabolite concentrations in steers offered whole crop wheat silage-based rations

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
A.P. Moloney ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The yield of dry matter (DM) in a mature wheat crop can equal that obtained from three cuts of grass. Ensiled mature whole crop wheat is however characterised by a lower digestibility and lower crude protein concentration than good quality grass silage. Addition of urea at ensiling has been shown to increase the digestibility and the non-protein nitrogen concentration of whole crop wheat silage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effect of urea-treatment on the in vivo digestibility of wheat of relatively high moisture concentration and (ii) the effects of the provision of a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate supplement on nitrogen metabolism in steers fed these silages.

scholarly journals Nitrogen for growth of stock plants and production of strawberry runner tips

Bragantia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Djeimi Isabel Janisch ◽  
Jerônimo Luiz Andriolo ◽  
Vinícius Toso ◽  
Kamila Gabriele Ferreira dos Santos ◽  
Jéssica Maronez de Souza
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Camino Real ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Crown Roots

The objective of this research was to determine growth and dry matter partitioning among organs of strawberry stock plants under five Nitrogen concentrations in the nutrient solution and its effects on emission and growth of runner tips. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions, from September 2010 to March 2011, in a soilless system with Oso Grande and Camino Real cultivars. Nitrogen concentrations of 5.12, 7.6, 10.12 (control), 12.62 and 15.12 mmol L-1 in the nutrient solution were studied in a 5x2 factorial randomised experimental design. All runner tips bearing at least one expanded leaf (patent requested) were collected weekly and counted during the growth period. The number of leaves, dry matter (DM) of leaves, crown and root, specific leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) was determined at the final harvest. Increasing N concentration in the nutrient solution from 5.12 to 15.12 mmol L-1 reduces growth of crown, roots and LAI of strawberry stock plants but did not affect emission and growth of runner tips. It was concluded that for the commercial production of plug plants the optimal nitrogen concentration in the nutrient solution should be 5.12 mmol L-1.

An evaluation of potential seed treatments to control Fusarium solani f.sp. phaseoli, the cause of foot and root rot of Phaseolus vulgaris

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Russell ◽  
A. E. A. Mussa
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Root Rot ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Systemic Fungicide ◽  
Product Concentration ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
High Concentrations

SummaryTwo systemic fungicides, benomyl and thiabendazole, were more active than the non-systemic fungicide Drazoxolon in inhibiting fungal growth in vitro. A similar pattern was obtained in glasshouse trials with benomyl and thiabendazole giving adequate protection at low concentrations while Drazoxolon was ineffective unless applied at 50% the commercial product concentration. A field trial using thiabendazole, Drazoxolon and a mixture of benomyl and thiram confirmed the glasshouse results.Some phytotoxicity was noticed with high concentrations of both benomyl and thiabendazole, but satisfactory disease control was achieved using fungicide concentrations which did not induce phytotoxicity.

Seasonal fluctuations in river bacteria as measured by multivariate statistical analysis of continuous cultures

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 959-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin R. Bell ◽  
Maxine A. Holder-Franklin ◽  
Mervyn Franklin
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Continuous Culture ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Diversity Analysis ◽  
Seasonal Fluctuations ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Continuous Cultures ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

Forty-eight continuous culture enrichments were performed on summer and winter water samples from two contrasting rivers. The cell output from each chemostat was dependant on the temperature and nitrogen concentration of each enrichment. The diversity of the populations from the continuous cultures, as assessed by species diversity analysis, was always greater than populations obtained on agar plates. However, the species isolated exclusively by continuous culture in these experiments were not unique to the chemostat. All of these species had been isolated at some time on plates directly. High nitrogen concentrations were found to decrease diversity. Populations sampled during the winter were influenced primarily by the concentration of nitrogen. Summer isolates were affected mainly by the temperature of the culture medium. The nutritional versatility of the population was not affected by enrichment of the continuous culture.

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