Warning Sign Analysis of Traffic Sign Data-Set Using Supervised Spiking Neuron Technique

In this paper, two types of conditions have been applied to analyze the performance of SNN towards usable traffic sign, which are hidden region and rotational effect. There are 20 warning traffic signs being focused on where there are regularly seen around Malacca area. These traffic sign needed to be embedded in this system as a databased to counter the output for mean error and recognition process for both conditions applied. Early hypothesis was design as the mean error and recognition process will degraded its performance as more intrusion get introduced in the system. For hidden region, the values show a critically rising error value at 62.5% = 0.123. While for mean error rotational effect, the values show an increasing abruptly for error value between 80 ̊ to 90 ̊ with 0.087% to 0.130%. For recognition process at 6.25% hidden region, 100% of images are correctly matchup to its own image. At 50% of hidden region, there is only 10% of image that able to be recognize while at 56.25% and 62.5% are leaving to outperform. At 10 ̊ rotation, 100% of images are perfectly recognized to its own image. At 60%, there is 30% of image able to recognize leaving others at 70%, 80% and 90% degrees rotation of images were outperformed. In view of element occasion driven handling, they open up new skylines for creating models with a colossal sum limit of recollecting and a solid capacity to quick adjustment. SNNs include another component, the transient hub, to the representation limit and the handling capacities of neural systems.

Download Full-text

Guide Sign Analysis of Traffic Sign Data-Set Using Supervised Spiking Neuron Technique

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.16897 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3.14) ◽

pp. 221

Author(s):

Mohd Safirin Karis ◽

Nursabillilah Mohd Ali ◽

Mohd Azamuddin Ali ◽

Muhamad Raimi Sadiq Samsudin ◽

Nurasmiza Selamat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Traffic Sign ◽

Image Brightness ◽

Data Set ◽

Traffic Signs ◽

Average Value ◽

Mean Error ◽

Stable Pattern ◽

Early Hypothesis ◽

Sign Analysis

In this paper, 20 guided traffic signs mostly displayed around Malacca area were selected as project databased. Early hypothesis was made as the error for each usable image will increased as more interference introduced to the original image used. Three types of conditions which are hidden region, image brightness and image rotation were selected as an experiment to analyze the performance of each sign used. Each condition will perform a specific error to generate their mean value and in the same, image recognition will take place in the matchup process. By focusing on the result, it produces hidden region critically ascending mean error value at 62.5% = 0.07 and has average value at others points. For image brightness effect, it shows a higher mean error value collected at less brightness points and non-stable pattern at 10% to 60% brightness. As for rotation upshot, the values show a critically ascending for error value at 22.5% and slightly increase at 2% to 5% rotation point. For the recognition process, at 6.25% hidden region, almost 70% of images are correctly matched to its own classes while at 62.5% hidden region only 40% of images are correctly matched to its own classes and leaving 2 images to outperform. For -40% brightness, 45% of images are correctly matched to its own classes while at 60% brightness 65% of images are correctly matched to its own classes and leaving 1 image to outperform. Lastly, at 2.5 degree rotation, 85% of images are correctly matched to its own classes while at 25° rotation, 45% of images are correctly matched to its own classes and leaving 2 images to outperform. Finally, the error forms will affect the final output response of the detected traffic signs used.

Download Full-text

Cautionary Sign Analysis of Traffic Sign Data-Set Using Supervised Spiking Neuron Technique

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i3.14.16899 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (3.14) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

Mohd Safirin Karis ◽

Nursabillilah Mohd Ali ◽

Nur Aisyah Abdul Ghafor ◽

Muhamad Aizuddin Akmal Che Jusoh ◽

Nurasmiza Selamat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mean Value ◽

Traffic Sign Recognition ◽

Traffic Sign ◽

Data Set ◽

Traffic Signs ◽

Recognition Process ◽

Sign Recognition ◽

Anticlockwise Rotation ◽

The Impact ◽

Detection And Recognition

In this paper, 19 cautionary traffic signs were selected as a database and 3 types of conditions have been proposed. The conditions are 5 different time of image taken; hidden region and anticlockwise rotation are all the experiments design that will shows all the errors in producing the it’s mean value and the performance of traffic sign recognition. Initial hypothesis was made as the error will become larger as the interruption getting bigger. Based on the results of the five-different time of image taken, the error gives the best performance; less error when time is between 8am to 12am due to the brightness factors and the sign can be recognize clearly during noon session. The hidden region conditions show good performances of the detection and recognition of the system depend on the lesser coverage of the hidden region introduce on traffic sign because if the hidden region coverage is huge the database will get confuse and take a longer time to do the recognition process. Lastly, in anticlockwise rotation shows that 90o gave large value of error causing the system unable to recognize sign perfectly rather than 135o angle. To sum-up, detection and recognition process are not depending on higher number of angle but the process solely depending on their value of sample for each traffic signs. The error will give the impact towards traffic sign recognition and detection process. In conclusion, SNN can perform the detection and recognition process to all objects as in the future the system will become more stable with the right technique on spiking models and well-developed technology in this field.

Download Full-text

Measurements of the excess volume of benzene-methanol, benzene-acetonitrile and methanol-acetonitrile mixtures by a vibrating-tube densimeter

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19790295 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 295-306 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Ivan Cibulka ◽

Vladimír Hynek ◽

Robert Holub ◽

Jiří Pick

Keyword(s):

Excess Volume ◽

Density Measurement ◽

Indirect Measurement ◽

Measuring System ◽

Mean Error ◽

Shaped Tube ◽

Underlying Principle ◽

The Mean ◽

Vibrating Tube Densimeter

A digital vibrating-tube densimeter was constructed for measuring the density of liquids at several temperatures. The underlying principle of the apparatus is the measurement of the period of eigen-vibrations of a V-shaped tube; the second power of the period of the vibrations is proportional to the density of the liquid in the tube. The temperature of the measuring system is controlled by an electronic regulator. The mean error in the density measurement is approximately ±1 . 10-5 g cm-3 at 25 °C and ±2 . 10-5 g cm-3 at 40 °C. The apparatus was used for an indirect measurement of the excess volume, tested with the benzene-cyclohexane system and further used for determining the excess volume of the benzene-methanol, benzene-acetonitrile and methanol-acetonitrile systems at 25 and 40 °C.

Download Full-text

Relationship between large-scale ionospheric field-aligned currents and electron/ion precipitations: DMSP observations

Earth Planets and Space ◽

10.1186/s40623-020-01286-z ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 72 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chao Xiong ◽

Claudia Stolle ◽

Patrick Alken ◽

Jan Rauberg

Keyword(s):

Time Distribution ◽

Large Scale ◽

Particle Flux ◽

Particle Energy ◽

Lower Latitude ◽

Particle Precipitation ◽

Data Set ◽

The Mean ◽

Two Parameters ◽

Meteorological Satellite

Abstract In this study, we have derived field-aligned currents (FACs) from magnetometers onboard the Defense Meteorological Satellite Project (DMSP) satellites. The magnetic latitude versus local time distribution of FACs from DMSP shows comparable dependences with previous findings on the intensity and orientation of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) By and Bz components, which confirms the reliability of DMSP FAC data set. With simultaneous measurements of precipitating particles from DMSP, we further investigate the relation between large-scale FACs and precipitating particles. Our result shows that precipitation electron and ion fluxes both increase in magnitude and extend to lower latitude for enhanced southward IMF Bz, which is similar to the behavior of FACs. Under weak northward and southward Bz conditions, the locations of the R2 current maxima, at both dusk and dawn sides and in both hemispheres, are found to be close to the maxima of the particle energy fluxes; while for the same IMF conditions, R1 currents are displaced further to the respective particle flux peaks. Largest displacement (about 3.5°) is found between the downward R1 current and ion flux peak at the dawn side. Our results suggest that there exists systematic differences in locations of electron/ion precipitation and large-scale upward/downward FACs. As outlined by the statistical mean of these two parameters, the FAC peaks enclose the particle energy flux peaks in an auroral band at both dusk and dawn sides. Our comparisons also found that particle precipitation at dawn and dusk and in both hemispheres maximizes near the mean R2 current peaks. The particle precipitation flux maxima closer to the R1 current peaks are lower in magnitude. This is opposite to the known feature that R1 currents are on average stronger than R2 currents.

Download Full-text

New Methodology for Computing the Aircraft’s Position Based on the PPP Method in GPS and GLONASS Systems

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2525

Author(s):

Kamil Krasuski ◽

Damian Wierzbicki

Keyword(s):

Linear Combination ◽

Research Method ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Satellite System ◽

Weighting Scheme ◽

Measurement Technology ◽

Dual Frequency ◽

Weighted Mean ◽

Mean Error ◽

The Mean

In the field of air navigation, there is a constant pursuit for new navigation solutions for precise GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning of aircraft. This study aims to present the results of research on the development of a new method for improving the performance of PPP (Precise Point Positioning) positioning in the GPS (Global Positioning System) and GLONASS (Globalnaja Nawigacionnaja Sputnikovaya Sistema) systems for air navigation. The research method is based on a linear combination of individual position solutions from the GPS and GLONASS systems. The paper shows a computational scheme based on the linear combination for geocentric XYZ coordinates of an aircraft. The algorithm of the new research method uses the weighted mean method to determine the resultant aircraft position. The research method was tested on GPS and GLONASS kinematic data from an airborne experiment carried out with a Seneca Piper PA34-200T aircraft at the Mielec airport. A dual-frequency dual-system GPS/GLONASS receiver was placed on-board the plane, which made it possible to record GNSS observations, which were then used to calculate the aircraft’s position in CSRS-PPP software. The calculated XYZ position coordinates from the CSRS-PPP software were then used in the weighted mean model’s developed optimization algorithm. The measurement weights are a function of the number of GPS and GLONASS satellites and the inverse of the mean error square. The obtained coordinates of aircraft from the research model were verified with the RTK-OTF solution. As a result of the research, the presented solution’s accuracy is better by 11–87% for the model with a weighting scheme as a function of the inverse of the mean error square. Moreover, using the XYZ position from the RTKLIB program, the research method’s accuracy increases from 45% to 82% for the model with a weighting scheme as a function of the inverse of the square of mean error. The developed method demonstrates high efficiency for improving the performance of GPS and GLONASS solutions for the PPP measurement technology in air navigation.

Download Full-text

Assessment of necessity of neuronavigation in localization of calvarial extra-axial lesions in the setting of limited resources

Chinese Neurosurgical Journal ◽

10.1186/s41016-021-00253-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hussein Soffar ◽

Mohamed F. Alsawy

Keyword(s):

Conventional Method ◽

Linear Measurement ◽

Limited Resources ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Surgical Interventions ◽

Localization Method ◽

Mean Error ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Mean Time

Abstract Background Neuronavigation is a very beneficial tool in modern neurosurgical practice. However, the neuronavigation is not available in most of the hospitals in our country raising the question about its importance in localizing the calvarial extra-axial lesions and to what extent it is safe to operate without it. Methods We studied twenty patients with calvarial extra-axial lesions who underwent surgical interventions. All lesions were preoperatively located with both neuronavigation and the usual linear measurements. Both methods were compared regarding the time consumed to localize the tumor and the accuracy of each method to anticipate the actual center of the tumor. Results The mean error of distance between the planned center of the tumor and the actual was 6.50 ± 1.762 mm in conventional method, whereas the error was 3.85 ± 1.309 mm in IGS method. Much more time was consumed during the neuronavigation method including booting, registration, and positioning. A statistically significant difference was found between the mean time passed in the conventional method and IGS method (2.05 ± 0.826, 24.90 ± 1.334, respectively), P-value < 0.001. Conclusion In the setting of limited resources, the linear measurement localization method seems to have an accepted accuracy in the localization of calvarial extra-axial lesions and it saves more time than neuronavigation method.

Download Full-text

Pseudosparse neural coding in the visual system of primates

Communications Biology ◽

10.1038/s42003-020-01572-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sidney R. Lehky ◽

Keiji Tanaka ◽

Anne B. Sereno

Keyword(s):

Neural Coding ◽

Macaque Monkey ◽

Implicit Assumption ◽

Data Set ◽

Efficient Coding ◽

Population Responses ◽

Lateral Intraparietal Cortex ◽

Neural Populations ◽

Neurophysiological Data ◽

The Mean

AbstractWhen measuring sparseness in neural populations as an indicator of efficient coding, an implicit assumption is that each stimulus activates a different random set of neurons. In other words, population responses to different stimuli are, on average, uncorrelated. Here we examine neurophysiological data from four lobes of macaque monkey cortex, including V1, V2, MT, anterior inferotemporal cortex, lateral intraparietal cortex, the frontal eye fields, and perirhinal cortex, to determine how correlated population responses are. We call the mean correlation the pseudosparseness index, because high pseudosparseness can mimic statistical properties of sparseness without being authentically sparse. In every data set we find high levels of pseudosparseness ranging from 0.59–0.98, substantially greater than the value of 0.00 for authentic sparseness. This was true for synthetic and natural stimuli, as well as for single-electrode and multielectrode data. A model indicates that a key variable producing high pseudosparseness is the standard deviation of spontaneous activity across the population. Consistently high values of pseudosparseness in the data demand reconsideration of the sparse coding literature as well as consideration of the degree to which authentic sparseness provides a useful framework for understanding neural coding in the cortex.

Download Full-text

Numerical simulations of spreading of the Persian Gulf outflow into the Oman Sea

Ocean Science ◽

10.5194/os-6-887-2010 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 887-900 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

M. Ezam ◽

A. A. Bidokhti ◽

A. H. Javid

Keyword(s):

Persian Gulf ◽

Bottom Topography ◽

World Ocean ◽

Monthly Precipitation ◽

Boundary Current ◽

Surface Salinity ◽

Data Set ◽

Open Boundaries ◽

The Mean ◽

The Persian Gulf

Abstract. A three dimensional numerical model namely POM (Princeton Ocean Model) and observational data are used to study the Persian Gulf outflow structure and its spreading pathways during 1992. In the model, the monthly wind speed data were taken from ICOADS (International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set) and the monthly SST (sea surface temperatures) were taken from AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) with the addition of monthly net shortwave radiations from NCEP (National Center for Environmental Prediction). The mean monthly precipitation rates from NCEP data and the calculated evaporation rates are used to impose the surface salinity fluxes. At the open boundaries the temperature and salinity were prescribed from the mean monthly climatological values from WOA05 (World Ocean Atlas 2005). Also the four major components of the tide were prescribed at the open boundaries. The results show that the outflow mainly originates from two branches at different depths in the Persian Gulf. The permanent branch exists during the whole year deeper than 40 m along the Gulf axis and originates from the inner parts of the Persian Gulf. The other seasonal branch forms in the vicinity of the shallow southern coasts due to high evaporation rates during winter. Near the Strait of Hormuz the two branches join and form the main outflow source water. The results of simulations reveal that during the winter the outflow boundary current mainly detaches from the coast well before Ras Al Hamra Cape, however during summer the outflow seems to follow the coast even after this Cape. This is due to a higher density of the colder outflow that leads to more sinking near the coast in winter. Thus, the outflow moves to a deeper depth of about 500 m (for which some explanations are given) while the main part detaches and spreads at a depth of about 300 m. However in summer it all moves at a depth of about 200–250 m. During winter, the deeper, stronger and wider outflow is more affected by the steep topography, leading to separation from the coast. While during summer, the weaker and shallower outflow is less influenced by bottom topography and so continues along the boundary.

Download Full-text

The Influence of Training Phase on Error of Measurement in Jump Performance

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2015-0115 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 235-239 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Kristie-Lee Taylor ◽

Will G. Hopkins ◽

Dale W. Chapman ◽

John B. Cronin

Keyword(s):

Mixed Model ◽

Training Phase ◽

Confidence Limits ◽

Mean Power ◽

Random Factor ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Mean Error ◽

Overload Training ◽

The Mean ◽

Error Of Measurement

The purpose of this study was to calculate the coefficients of variation in jump performance for individual participants in multiple trials over time to determine the extent to which there are real differences in the error of measurement between participants. The effect of training phase on measurement error was also investigated. Six subjects participated in a resistance-training intervention for 12 wk with mean power from a countermovement jump measured 6 d/wk. Using a mixed-model meta-analysis, differences between subjects, within-subject changes between training phases, and the mean error values during different phases of training were examined. Small, substantial factor differences of 1.11 were observed between subjects; however, the finding was unclear based on the width of the confidence limits. The mean error was clearly higher during overload training than baseline training, by a factor of ×/÷ 1.3 (confidence limits 1.0–1.6). The random factor representing the interaction between subjects and training phases revealed further substantial differences of ×/÷ 1.2 (1.1–1.3), indicating that on average, the error of measurement in some subjects changes more than in others when overload training is introduced. The results from this study provide the first indication that within-subject variability in performance is substantially different between training phases and, possibly, different between individuals. The implications of these findings for monitoring individuals and estimating sample size are discussed.

Download Full-text

EPID-22. CHARACTERIZATION OF RADIATION-INDUCED MENINGIOMAS IN A BRAIN TUMOR DATABASE

Neuro-Oncology ◽

10.1093/neuonc/noaa215.340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. ii83-ii83

Author(s):

Nilan Vaghjiani ◽

Andrew Schwieder ◽

Sravya Uppalapati ◽

Zachary Kons ◽

Elizabeth Kazarian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

African American ◽

Brain Tumor ◽

Radiation Treatment ◽

Latency Period ◽

Data Set ◽

Who Grade ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Radiation Induced ◽

Grade Ii ◽

The Mean

Abstract PURPOSE Radiation-induced meningiomas (RIMs) are associated with previous exposure to therapeutic irradiation. RIMs are rare and have not been well characterized relative to spontaneous meningiomas (SMs). METHODS 1003 patients with proven or presumed meningiomas were identified from the VCU brain tumor database. Chart review classified RIM patients and their characteristics. RESULTS Of the 1003 total patients, 76.47% were female with a mean ± SD age of 67.55 ± 15.50 years. 15 RIM patients were identified (66.67% female), with a mean ± SD age of 52.67 ± 15.46 years, 5 were African American and 10 were Caucasian. The incidence of RIMs was 1.49% in our data set. The mean age at diagnosis was 43.27 ± 15.06 years. The mean latency was 356.27 ± 116.96 months. The mean initiating dose was 44.28 ± 14.68 Gy. There was a significant difference between mean latency period and ethnicity, 258.3 months for African American population, and 405.2 months for Caucasian population (p = 0.003). There was a significant difference between the mean number of lesions in females (2.8) versus males (1.2; p = 0.046). Of the RIMs with characterized histology, 6 (55%) were WHO grade II and 5 (45%) were WHO grade I, demonstrating a prevalence of grade II tumors approximately double that found with SMs. RIMs were treated with combinations of observation, surgery, radiation, and medical therapy. Of the 8 patients treated with radiation, 4 demonstrated response. 8 of the 15 patients (53%) demonstrated recurrence/progression despite treatment. CONCLUSION RIMs are important because of the associated higher grade histology, gender, and ethnic incidences, and increased recurrence/progression compared to SMs. Despite the presumed contributory role of prior radiation, RIMs demonstrate a significant rate of responsiveness to radiation treatment.

Download Full-text