scholarly journals A Case Study of Health Expenditure in India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.10) ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
D. Kalpanapriya ◽  
M. Mubashir Unnissa ◽  
Rakshanya Sekar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
The Government ◽  
Care Requirements ◽  
Sustainable Health

The article aims in analysing healthcare expenditure of India, as it struggles to meet the health care requirements of all the citizens. In order to acheieve this, it is important to understand the trends in healthcare expenditure of the country to create a sustainable health expenditue model. Post millenium, with various reforms and increased awareness, a certain redistribution can be observed among different arms that contribute to total healthcare expenditure.This study reviews and summarise the expenditure trends between the years 2004 and 2014. Numerical illustrtions are also provided to show the government and private sectors contributions on the health care products. 

scholarly journals Exploring the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure and socioeconomic horizontal equity in relation to it: a rural community based longitudinal study in West Bengal

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhishek Paul ◽  
Suresh Chandra Malick ◽  
Shatanik Mondal ◽  
Saibendu Kumar Lahiri
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Concentration Index ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Financing ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Horizontal Equity ◽  
Income Quintile ◽  
Financing System ◽  
Middle Income

Background:Equity in health care is defined as equal access to available care for equal need. Out-of-pocket expenditures are the most inequitable means of health care financing. These payments become catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) if it exceeds the household’s ‘Capacity to Pay’. As fairness is one of the fundamental objectives of the health system, identification of the factors responsible for these expenditures is important. Hence this study was conducted to find out the determinants of CHE and to explore the socioeconomic horizontal equity in relation to it. Methods:Total 352 households from 9 villages of Amdanga block, North 24 Parganas, were studied for 12 months. Annual out-of-pocket healthcare expenditure exceeding 40% of annual household non-food expenditure was classified as CHE and determinants of the same were identified using logit-model. Equity was measured by Concentration index and modified Kakwani measure (MDK). Results:Overall prevalence of CHE was 20.7% and highest (39.3%) in the second income quintile. The odds of incurring CHE were highest (35.43) for the households with member/s requiring inpatient treatment followed by households having more than five members (12.81). Negative value of concentration index and MDK indicated that the probability of incurring CHE was disproportionately concentrated among the poor and the financing system was degressive, however some amount of equity was noted in the poorest quintile. Conclusions:Apart from the poorest section in the community the poorer and middle income sections are still exposed to healthcare expenditure shocks and the health care spending was diverse and less equitable.

scholarly journals LIFE, DEATH, AND PHARMA IN INDIA: A CASE STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
R.gayathri Saravanan ◽  
C Vijayabanu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
The People ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
The Government

“The health of the people is really the foundation on which all their happiness and all their powers as a state depend.” - Benjamin Disraeli.A healthy society is obviously a healthy nation. Being healthy is a result of various factors such as lifestyle, income, choices, society, access to medical facilities, culture, and family. The life expectancy (LE) (i.e., average years a person is anticipated to live has almost doubled) in the past century and medical breakthroughs had a profoundly positive impact on human LE. The average LE of the people in India was 49.7 years during 1970-1975 gradually increased to the level of 68.45 years in 2016 according to the world LE reports. The objective here is to understand the factors determining LE and whether there are any possibilities for considerable improvements in LE in India due to various economic policies by the government. Statistical reports from various organizations are analyzed, and the conclusion is that the government spending on health care and awareness is to be enhanced.Keywords: Life expectancy, Health care, Mortality, Birth rate, Death rate, etc. 

Rural Health Care in Vietnam and China: Conflict between Market Reforms and Social Need

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Boi Huong ◽  
Nguyen Khanh Phuong ◽  
Sarah Bales ◽  
Chen Jiaying ◽  
Henry Lucas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Public Sector ◽  
Health Service ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Market Reforms ◽  
The Government

China and Vietnam have adopted market reforms in the health sector in the context of market economic reforms. Vietnam has developed a large private health sector, while in China commercialization has occurred mainly in the formal public sector, where user fees are now the main source of facility finance. As a result, the integrity of China's planned health service has been disrupted, especially in poor rural areas. In Vietnam the government has been an important financer of public health facilities and the pre-reform health service is largely intact, although user fees finance an increasing share of facility expenditure. Over-servicing of patients to generate revenue occurs in both countries, but more seriously in China. In both countries government health expenditure has declined as a share of total health expenditure and total government expenditure, while out-of-pocket health spending has become the main form of health finance. This has particularly affected the rural poor, deterring them from accessing health care. Assistance for the poor to meet public-sector user fees is more beneficial and widespread in Vietnam than China. China is now criticizing the degree of commercialization of its health system and considers its health reforms “basically unsuccessful.” Market reforms that stimulate growth in the economy are not appropriate to reform of social sectors such as health.

scholarly journals Catastrophic Health Expenditure: An Experience from Health Insurance Program in Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 327-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepak Raj Paudel
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Catastrophic Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Government Health ◽  
Insurance Program ◽  
Health Insurance Program ◽  
The Government

High expenditure due to health care is a noted public health concern in Nepal and such expenditure is expected to reduce through the access to health insurance. This study determines the factors affecting household’s catastrophic health care expenditure in Kailali district, where the government health insurance program was first piloted in Nepal. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to February 2018 among 1048 households (6480 individuals) after 21 months of the execution of the social health insurance program.  For the sample selection, wards were selected in the first stage followed by the selection of the households. Overall, 17.8% of the households reported catastrophic health expenditure using a threshold of more than 10% of out-of-pocket payment to total household expenditure. The study found that households without having health insurance, low economic status, and head with low level of education were more likely to face catastrophic spending. The findings suggest a policy guideline in the ongoing national health insurance debate in Nepal. The government health insurance program is currently at expansion stage, so, increase in insurance coverage, could financially help vulnerable households by reducing catastrophic health expenditure.

scholarly journals Homeopathy in Public Health in India

Homeopathy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (02) ◽  
pp. 076-087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harleen Kaur ◽  
Deepti Chalia ◽  
Raj Manchanda
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Pluralistic Approach ◽  
The Government ◽  
Infrastructural Support ◽  
Morbidity Trends

Background Based on a pluralistic approach to health care, India offers a range of medical treatment modalities to its population. In that context, the government of India aims at providing its people with wider access to homeopathy. This article provides insight into the infrastructural support put in place by the government to meet that aim. Data and Methods A literature review was carried out of recent surveys and articles to assess the morbidity trends in India and the treatment modalities being sought by patients. Extensive attempts were made to identify and access all data sources that could contribute to understanding the situation of homeopathy in public health in India. These efforts included analysis of secondary data about government wellness centres, as also a case study of one such centre. Results In India, homeopathy is well represented in public health, being a close second among the AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy) services. Homeopathy wellness centres comprise 31% of the total for AYUSH. Seven out of 10 diseases recognised as a national health burden are in the category of most commonly reported diseases at the homeopathy wellness centres. Academic homeopathy institutes comprise 35.8% of AYUSH colleges, the total student intakes of which are 13,658 and 32,256 respectively. Homeopathy practitioners are 37% of the AYUSH total. Homeopathy units comprise 1/19th of the number of allopathy units, yet the annual patient footfall in the former is 1/5th of the latter. Conclusion Homeopathy services, wherever available, are being used fully and thus sharing the patient load in the government-run wellness centres. There is the potential for more homeopathic practitioners to contribute importantly to health care delivery in India.

Health Maintenance Organisations: Just What the Doctor Ordered?

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland Petchey
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Primary Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Health Delivery ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Health Delivery System ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost

ABSTRACTFollowing its recent reorganisation of the management of the hospital sector of the NHS, the Government is currently engaged in a review of the primary health care sector. Certain of its proposals may be interpreted as suggesting movement towards a system modelled on American-style Health Maintenance Organisations (HMOs). This article seeks to explore the context in which HMOs have developed, to assess their current performance and to evaluate their potential impact on the health delivery system. It suggests that they must be understood primarily in the context of initiatives aimed at reducing health expenditure, and finds that the cost advantages claimed for them are achieved through reduced utilisation rather than through greater efficiency. It also argues that this reduced utilisation is likely to increase inequalities in health care.

scholarly journals Exploring the Backyard of nCOVID: Determinants of death toll in pandemics

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-117
Author(s):  
Rajesh Gupta ◽  
Smita Trivedi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Population Density ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Healthcare Expenditure ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Policy Intervention ◽  
The Past ◽  
Death Toll ◽  
The World

Heterogeneity in number of deaths in different countries during the ongoing nCOVID crisis challenged us to look for determinants of pandemic death toll across the world. Using the past two decades data of pandemic deaths in the world, this study considered if engagement in international trade, health care expenditure and population density have any impact on the pandemic death toll. Using linear regression model controlled for types of disease, we not only found trade significantly impacting death toll, but also surprisingly found positive correlation between share of healthcare expenditure in GDP and fatalities in pandemics. Our findings suggest that policy intervention is required for mitigating health impacts of trade and ‘tweaking’ the health expenditure towards pandemic prevention.

scholarly journals Impact of Publicly Financed Health Insurance Scheme (Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana) from Equity and Efficiency Perspectives

2018 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 191-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Kumar Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Financial Security ◽  
Care Seeking ◽  
Insurance Scheme ◽  
Health Delivery ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Health Delivery System ◽  
The Government

Executive Summary Catastrophic health expenses result in impoverishment of a large number of people every year in India. This often forces the resource-poor households to forego treatment due to lack of affordability. Providing quality health care to all at an affordable cost is a policy commitment for India as it is a signatory of the Alma Ata Declaration. The Government of India is working towards providing universal health coverage through its National Health Policy. As part of universalization of health care, the government had launched a publicly financed health insurance scheme, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), to provide affordable and quality health services. The present study dealt with understanding the impact of the scheme for improving health care-seeking and reducing burden of health expenditure among resource-poor families through a matched controlled cross-sectional study. The study tried to assess whether RSBY had improved care-seeking and reduced incidences of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and health expenditure-induced poverty among the insured population and also tried to explore whether the benefits were equitable. It was conducted in purposively selected two blocks of Ranchi district in Jharkhand with 1,643 households below poverty line (BPL). Both enrolled and non-enrolled households were selected randomly for the study after matching with some key matching criteria. It was found that RSBY neither increased in-facility treatment (hospitalization) nor reduced the likelihood of CHE among the enrolled households. More importantly, it significantly increased the incidence of health expenditure-induced poverty among the households who were above the poverty line before incurring any health expenditure. From equity perspective, care-seeking was much lower among the economically weaker households compared to the better-off households. Similarly, incidences of CHE and health expenditure-induced poverty were also found to be higher among the weaker sections. The study shows that RSBY did not achieve its objective of improving care-seeking and providing financial security to the enrolled households, and more importantly to the economically weaker sections of the society. Other studies have also found that one of the factors for high out-of-pocket expenditure in health is a weak public health delivery system which forces people to seek care from private providers. Hence, it is important for the policymakers to critically evaluate whether such insurance models will actually ensure better financial security for the households from excessive health expenditure and whether strengthening the existing public health delivery system would be a better option.

scholarly journals Main Reasons for Using of PPP Contracts in Health Sector: An Analytical Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1983-1996
Author(s):  
Aqeel Salahuddin Mahdi Al-Shadeedi ◽  
Angham E. A. Al-Saffar ◽  
Azhar Hussein Salih
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sustainable Health

The health sector in Iraq had faced enormous challenges. The health care system suffered a catastrophic deterioration under the former regime. The 1991 Gulf war incurred Iraq’s major infrastructures huge damages; includes health centers, clinics, hospitals, etc. The United Nations economic sanctions aggravated the deterioration process. The level of health care in Iraq has dropped markedly as the government budget allocated to the Ministry of Health (MOH) had decreased from $ 450 million in 1970 to about $ 250 million in 1985 then the annual total health budget for the ministry, a decade after the sanctions had fallen to $ 22 million which is barely 5% of what it was in the 1970s. On the other hand, the conflict of 2003 destroyed an estimated 12 percent of hospitals. Moreover, the war at 2014 held on ISIS-led to almost total destruction in most hospitals in the Central and Northern provinces. All this requires a quick strategy to advance the health sector and create a sustainable health sector. The researchers in this study will demonstrate, what are the pros and cons of Public-Private Partnership (PPP) contracts, how can be used in the Iraqi health sector, the main causes of dependence the MOH to using the PPP contracts in the all existing and the unfinished hospitals.

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