scholarly journals Medium-sized cities in decline in France: between urban shrinkage and city centre devitalisation

2021 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Julie Chouraqui
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Urban Decline ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
High Street ◽  
The One ◽  
Vacant Housing ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Since the end of the 2000s, the question of the decline of French medium-sized towns has become central within the scientific and public debate. More specifically, two processes are underlined: the devitalisation of city centres on the one hand, and urban shrinkage on the other hand. The devitalisation of city centres has been studied in several institutional reports. It is characterised by high rates of vacant housing and high street shops vacancies, a fall in visits to the city centre, an impoverishment of residents and population losses. In geography, urban studies and planning, the dynamics of urban shrinkage have been discussed since the 1990s. They comprise a multidimensional urban crisis, triggered and characterised by job and population losses. This paper attempts to explore the relationships between these processes by underlining their similarities and differences with data analysis and multivariate clustering methods. By comparing medium-sized cities with small and large cities, the specificities of urban decline in medium-sized cities are explored. It appears that cities are not homogeneously affected by urban decline. More particularly, a large number of weakened medium-sized cities display a distinctive feature: markers of decline are concentrated in their urban core.

scholarly journals Mobilność w centrum średniego miasta w perspektywie możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania – studium przypadku Tczewa

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 36-48
Author(s):  
Michał Adam Kwiatkowski ◽  
Grzegorz Pawlikowski
Keyword(s):  
City Centre ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Common Solution ◽  
Car Traffic ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
High Level ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Polityka parkingowa należy do ważniejszych wyzwań w rozwoju współczesnych miast w zakresie transportu. Jednym z narzędzi kształtowania tego zjawiska w miastach jest wprowadzanie stref płatnego parkowania, które mają zwiększać rotację pojazdów oraz zachęcać do korzystania z innych środków transportu w codziennych dojazdach. Jest to szczególnie ważne w kontekście centrów miast. Wdrażanie stref płatnego parkowania stanowi często stosowane rozwiązanie w dużych miastach, rzadziej w średnich i małych. Celem tego badania jest analiza sposobu docierania mieszkańców średniego miasta – Tczewa – do centrum (Starego Miasta) oraz ocena możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania. Badanie przeprowadzono metodą ankiety, posługując się techniką PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview), w którym zebrano 375 odpowiedzi. W przeprowadzonym badaniu ankietowym wykazano, że istnieje duży poziom akceptacji społecznej dla możliwości wprowadzenia strefy płatnego parkowania w analizowanym przypadku. W badaniu wykazano ponadto, że znaczną większość użytkowników centrum stanowią osoby docierające tam pieszo. Potwierdzono także, że mieszkańcy są skłonni nie tylko zapłacić za parkowanie w centrum miasta, ale także przejść pewien dystans pieszo od miejsca postojowego do celu podróży. Niniejsza praca może mieć charakter aplikacyjny i stanowić wskazówkę dla innych miast o podobnej wielkości i strukturze, które zamierzają wprowadzić strefę płatnego parkowania lub innego rodzaju ograniczenia ruchu samochodów. Mobility in the centre of a medium-sized city in the perspective of the prospective introduction of a paid parking zone – a case study of Tczew Parking policy is one of the more important challenges in the development of modern cities in terms of transport. One of the tools for shaping this policy in cities is the introduction of paid parking zones, which are intended to increase vehicle turnover and encourage the use of other means of transport for everyday commuting. This is particularly important in the context of city centres. The introduction of paid parking zones is a common solution in large cities, less so in medium-sized and small ones. The aim of this study is to analyse how residents of a medium-sized city – Tczew – travel to the centre (Old Town) and to assess the possibility of introducing a paid parking zone. The study was carried out through a survey, using the PAPI (Paper and Pencil Interview) technique, with 375 responses collected. It showed that there is a high level of public acceptance for the possible introduction of a paid parking zone in the case under consideration. The study also yielded that the vast majority of users of the centre are people who get there on foot. It was also confirmed that residents are not only willing to pay for parking in the city centre, but also to walk a certain distance from their parking space to their destination. This work can be applied as a guide to other cities of similar size and structure that intend to introduce paid parking zones or other types of car traffic restrictions.

scholarly journals Urban Communication: The Uses of Public Space in Riga Historical City Centre

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Uģis Bratuškins ◽  
Sandra Treija
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
City Centre ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Public Open Space ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Abstract Expansion of cities and their impact areas extend also the semantic boundaries of urban ecentres, while public open space in the city centres maintain attractivity, especially within the medieval cores. The diverse functional processes that satisfy the needs of all users of urban space in general, on the one hand carry the function of circulation or communication, and on the other – relaxation or recreation. Elements of spatial organization and environment planning essential for the realization of each function differ, and depending on which of the functional processes prevails in the particular place, open space acquires either priority of communication or of recreation. The paper focuses on the interests and needs of main groups of users of the historical city centre – Riga Old Town, states availability of adequate space, as well as sets the criteria of high-quality public open space.

scholarly journals The future of the city centre: Urbanisation, transformation and resilience – a tale of two Newcastle cities

Urban Studies ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 004209802093649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J Rogerson ◽  
Bob Giddings
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Orientation ◽  
Urban Agglomeration ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
The Future ◽  
City Core ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
City Centres

Recent debates over the content and theoretical orientation of urban studies act as a strong reminder that the nature and existence of the city as a form of spatial urban agglomeration is changing. They have acted positively as a heuristic to inspire critical analysis of urbanisation and helped to illuminate the considerable empirical variation over time and space in urban agglomeration forms. However, in shifting the focus onto the planetary reach of urbanisation, such debates risk deflecting attention away from the city core at a time when it too is being subjected to transformation. The city centre has been taken for granted as critical attention has been given to the impact of development and enterprise in extending the city outwards. The recent proliferation of public and policy interest in the future of the city centre as the archetypal expression of urban agglomeration has not been matched by similar growth in academic and theoretical accounts of its transformation. Drawing on the examples of two city centres, and placing them in the context of the recent debates of urban agglomeration theory, this article seeks to initiate deeper analysis and dialogue about the future of the urban core, including how it is being articulated and by whom. It argues for a greater analytic understanding of the ways in which the city centre as a physical and emotional entity has been so resilient, and advocates for stronger engagement with initiatives seeking to reactivate the city centre as a crucial epicentre of urban agglomeration.

Marketplaces and central spaces: markets and the rise of competing spatial ideals in Danish city centres, c. 1850–1900

Urban History ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
JENS TOFTGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Urban Space ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Open Air Markets ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

ABSTRACTThe traditional open-air markets on the central squares of Danish cities were thriving in the middle of the nineteenth century. However, the markets were soon challenged by new urban ideals of the city centre as a place for shopping and capital investment. At the same time, urban reformers made efforts to improve the market trade to meet modern standards. The rivalling interests struggled over the question of modernization or relocation of the central square markets and ultimately the definition and use of the central urban space. In particular, this article will examine the struggle over the construction of a fish market hall in Odense as it serves to reveal the different conceptions of the central urban space that affected the fate of the street markets.

Simplified Procedure in Municipal Courts

1924 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 760-772
Author(s):  
Rasmus S. Saby
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
State Function ◽  
Special Importance ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
The One ◽  
Simplified Procedure ◽  
The City ◽  
Criminal Statistics

American democracy is not combating crime successfully. We are given the unenviable distinction of leading the civilized world in murder, robbery, burglary and other of the graver crimes against person and property. As a nation we have a disconcertingly high criminal ratio and in our large cities, where the opportunities and temptations for crime are greater, constantly recurring crime waves threaten our social organization.The administration of justice is a state function. Police officers are technically state officials and justices of the peace, police and municipal courts are performing state functions, yet it nevertheless is true that the prevention, detection and treatment of crime and criminals are of special importance to city dwellers and under our decentralized administration of justice the city ought to feel its responsibility and be given the opportunity to deal with the problem in an intelligent manner.It has been estimated that in Cleveland, Ohio, two-thirds of those who commit serious crimes are never arrested, and of the one-third arrested two-thirds are never convicted. The administration of criminal law has been declared a failure in Cleveland but few of our other large cities have any special reason for self-congratulation. Our criminal statistics in general are very unreliable and inadequate. The census bureau has been making an ambitious attempt at securing criminal statistics but has found it difficult and at times impossible to secure even the simplest data.

scholarly journals Sense of Safety and Planning and Design Policies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rangajeewa Ratnayake ◽  
Naduni Wickramaarachchi ◽  
Julie Rudner
Keyword(s):  
Central Business District ◽  
Building Design ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Personal Safety ◽  
The Past ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Planning Development ◽  
Business District ◽  
The City ◽  
City Centres

Planning, development and design policies influence sense of safety of people touse the City centre or Central Business District (CBD) and therefore city centres can becomeactive and vibrant during the day and night. This paper reviews past and present planningpolicies relevant for feeling of personal safety in the context of housing, retail, amenities,street infrastructure, building design and transportation aspects. The past development trendsshow that insignificant attention has been paid to people's sense of safety when using publicspaces, particularly at night, a factor identified important in creating attractive city centressince 1960s. Local plans primarily refer to safety in relation to roads, accessibility andworkability. Local policies also show the dominance of CCTV since the 1990s has becomeubiquitous, but changes to sense of safety in urban spaces now may actually be a betterreflection of planning and design decisions made over the past 20 years.

scholarly journals An Allegory of Good Government: A Comparison of Gothic Siena and Modern Los Angeles

1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Figura Lange ◽  
◽  
Sandra Davis Lakeman ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Los Angeles ◽  
Teenage Pregnancy ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Social Service Organizations ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
Good Government ◽  
American Cities ◽  
The City

As our American cities struggle with the problems of growth and development, the human initiated disasters of crime and violence threaten the very existence of the urban core ofmost large cities. Los Angeles dominates the American crime scene with its gangs and drug dealers, where violent crime will strike one in every three Angelenos in their lifetime. The city is a leading example of environmental disintegration preceding rampant crime. In fact, environmental decay, drug use and crime continue to rise apparently in collaboration with each other. Additionally, the social service organizations are overwhelmed by the influx of immigrants, teenage pregnancy, and AIDS.

scholarly journals Beliefs and practices developped around the wild rue (Peganum Harmala) (Examples of Bozova, Eyyübiye and Harran)Üzerlik bitkisi çevresinde gelişen inançlar ve uygulamalar (Bozova, Eyyübiye ve Harran Örnekleri)

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Berivan Vargün
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Beliefs And Practices ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

The research conducted with 68 women living in Bozova, Eyyübiye and Harran countries of Şanlıurfa and with 9 herbalists who work in the city centre of Şanlıurfa. All of the interviewed women, except for one, are married; the one who is not married is 23 years old and newly divorced. Most of the women experienced prearranged marriages or they married by taking their family’s blessing. Women who are not married by prearranged marriages are married to their relatives. Women’s age vary between 18- 73. Except 2 of these 9 women interviewed in the scope of the research live on the countryside. In our research, the wild rue, which is commonly used in daily life in Bozova, in Eyyübiye and in Harran of Şanlıurfa, is examined. The questions of which purposes it is being used and the beliefs, rituals and practices which developed around the wild rue are analysed. In our research, analysing the practices and rituals developed around the wild rue is important since it shows plant’s field of application in a culture. ÖzetAraştırma Şanlıurfa iline bağlı Bozova, Eyyübiye ve Harran ilçelerinde yaşayan 68 kadın ve Şanlıurfa ili merkezinde aktarlık yapan 9 aktarla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Görüşme yapılan kadınların 1’i hariç hepsi evlidir, evli olmayan 1 kadın ise 23 yaşında ve henüz boşanmıştır. Kadınların büyük bölümü görücü usulü ve aile onayıyla evlenmişlerdir. Görücü usulü dışında, kendi aralarında anlaşarak evlenenlerin eşleri ise akrabalarıdır. Kadınların yaşları 18-73 arasında değişmektedir. Araştırma kapsamında görüşülen kadınların 2’si hariç hepsi ilçelerde yaşamaktadır. Çalışmamızda, Şanlıurfa ili Bozova, Eyyübiye ve Harran ilçelerinde günlük hayatta sıklıkla kullanılan üzerlik bitkisinin hangi amaçlarla kullanıldığı, üzerlik bitkisi etrafında gelişen inanç, ritüel ve uygulamaların neler olduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışmamızda üzerlik bitkisi etrafında gelişmiş pratikler ve ritüellerin incelenmesi kültür içindeki bir uygulamanın yerini göstermesi açısından önemlidir.

scholarly journals The study of the sociospatial aspect of green building in St.Petersburg: theoretical and practical aspects

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 03054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Orlovskaya ◽  
Svetlana Ershova
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
Paired Analysis ◽  
Selection Of

The article discusses the modern problems of green building. The duality of the greening problem in large cities is noted: on the one hand, this is one of the factors of conflict, on the other hand, the factor of the quality of life, creativity of the city, and its image level. The selection of factors for the analysis was carried out taking into account the research of Russian and foreign scientists and the possibility of obtaining reliable statistics. The study was conducted according to the landscaping of the districts of St. Petersburg. As a result of the study, clustering of St. Petersburg districts was carried out according to greenery indicators, the level of green construction in each of the considered territories of the city was estimated. A paired analysis of indicators made it possible to identify the most problematic areas of the city, to conduct a comparative assessment of the districts according to the level of greenery and their sufficiency to create a comfortable environment

scholarly journals Anthropogenic Transformation and the Possibility of Renaturalising Small Rivers and Their Valleys in Cities – Łódź and Lviv Examples

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elżbieta Kobojek
Keyword(s):  
Urban Space ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Small Rivers ◽  
Anthropogenic Influences ◽  
Urban Floods ◽  
Anthropogenic Transformation ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
River Valleys ◽  
The City

Rivers used to serve important functions in the development of cities, and river valleys are a part of the urban space. Regardless of several centuries of anthropogenic influences large rivers and their valleys have remained the dominant elements of the cityscape. In the case of small rivers and valleys the situation has been different. The expansion of urban infrastructure often led to an elimination of rivers and their valleys from the developed area. In many cases rivers were directed down straightened concrete ditches and sometimes the locations of their channels were changed altogether. In the city centre, rivers were locked in underground channels, i.e. they vanished from the cityscape. Urban floods, so annoying for the inhabitants, usually occur within river sections which have been utilized intensively and covered with impermeable surface. Even though a river was hidden in underground interceptor pipes, a valley dip remains still accumulating rainfall. The aim of this article is to present the extent of transformation of small rivers and valleys within two large cities located on watersheds: Łódź and Lviv, and the contemporary utilization and the possibility of renaturalising them.

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