The coronavirus generation, i.e., the life situation of German children and adolescents during the pandemic

The results of the research presented in the article illustrate the complexity of the life situation of German children and adolescents during the pandemic. The article also presents the professional situation of parents during the crisis caused by the pandemic and changes in the labor market (e.g. the coronavirus effect). The results of the first studies characterizing the phenomenon of domestic violence, conducted by researchers at the Technical University of Munich, are also shown. The situation of children and adolescents is illustrated, among others, by numerical data of criminal statistics or the Robert Koch Institute. In the article, the midwife emphasizes examples of such research results in which children and adolescents were participants. This is because such a selection of respondents makes it possible to get to know their opinions about the time of the pandemic, lockdown or homeschooling. The research also revealed that the coronavirus has become a "virus of social inequality" as it has worsened the situation of families at risk of poverty. The conclusion also shows the directions of activities undertaken by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research to support students after the lockdown period.

Discrimination and victimisation of minorities in Spain: The research potential of the EU-MIDIS project

This article highlights the research potential of the European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS), which the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights had conducted twice across Europe by 2021. It begins with an overview of the EU-MIDIS project before concentrating on the second survey (EU-MIDIS II) conducted in 2015 and 2016 (N=25,500), the database of which is available in open access. The paper focuses on the main findings of the EU-MIDIS II in Spain, where the sample was composed of migrants from North Africa and people of Roma ethnicity (N=1,563). The main findings of the survey provide helpful insights into a form of victimisation that is usually absent in official criminal statistics, yet the Spanish EU-MIDIS II database is a mine of information waiting to be exploited. This article proposes a series of analyses that could be performed, including logistic and ordinal regression, as well as mediation modelling, which could identify the variables that influence minorities’ discrimination and victimisation. Finally, the strengths and weaknesses of the EU-MIDIS project are discussed.

2. The statistics on crime and their meaning

This chapter discusses crime statistics, which, as with any other form of statistical information, are often referred to by the media as if they provide a true measurement of crime. It is now increasingly accepted that criminal statistics provide a deficient guide to both the level of crime and trends in criminal behaviour. There has been a massive increase in the amount of statistical information promulgated about crime in the past few years. This reflects in part the greater sophistication in statistical techniques, but is mostly a consequence of the growing political interest in the criminal justice system and an accompanying call for greater accountability and openness. However, there are some facts that appear incontrovertible from all measurements of crime in England and Wales.

Criminology

This expanded seventh edition of Criminology provides the reader with a clearly expressed and concise analysis of the main sociological and psychological theories of crime and deviance. It is written on the basis that, to facilitate understanding, it is necessary to provide a full account of the historical background and development of these theories. The book also contains an extensive discussion of the perception and nature of crime. It has been completely updated with the significant developments in key areas, such as criminal statistics and the latest research in the scientific study of behaviour. The book is written in a clear and readable style that helps students understand even complex aspects of criminology. In drawing on a wide range of research, the author seeks to ask the right questions, rather than provide definitive answers. The book is thoroughly referenced, providing plenty of opportunity for further reading for those interested in researching the area in more detail.

12. Gender and crime

This chapter discusses the extensive consideration given to the different roles played by men and women in the commission of crime. Feminist writers first highlighted the fact that most criminologists, in assuming that crime is a male phenomenon, had largely ignored female crime. If it was discussed at all, the focus was on the biological given of sex, rather than the social construction of gender. A number of writers have also started to consider the part that different assumptions of male gender roles—‘masculinities’—play in the commission of crime. Different explanations have been offered for the earlier neglect of women’s crime. One reason may be that official criminal statistics have routinely shown that women are convicted of crimes to a far lesser extent than men.

International Experience in Assessing the Effectiveness of Law Enforcement Agencies in Crime Prevention

The objective of the investigation was to analyze some international experience in assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement in crime prevention. Methodologically, the dialectic method, typical of materialistic philosophy, was combined with scientific techniques of cognition. It is concluded that the basis for assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in different countries is based on a set of quantitative and qualitative criteria; sometimes such criteria conflict with each other, as some are beneficial for bureaucratic reporting, while others reflect the public's interests. Public opinion, as one of the main criteria, is becoming increasingly important in assessing the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies in some countries (e.g., the Slovak Republic), and in the US, France, Japan, Austria, and Italy, it is a traditional evaluation tool. Ambiguous is the use of statistics to assess the effectiveness of law enforcement in certain countries and Finally, there are countries where criminal statistics are a priority to determine the effectiveness of law enforcement and in others not.

INTELLECTUAL METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE FACTORS OF THE CRIMINAL LANDSCAPE OF RUSSIAN REGIONS

In the context of significant transformations taking place in society, it is especially important to prevent a slide into chaos, and to ensure a stable and secure socio-economic environment. One of the main problems is the heterogeneity of management objects, in this case, the structure of crime in the regions of the Russian Federation. To determine the similarity of the structure of the regional economy, the author compares the structure of indicators of criminal statistics per registered crime. The author presents the "criminal profile" of each region as a set of numbers (a vector) that represents the relative contribution of each indicator of criminal statistics, thus leveling the factor of the size of the regions. Thus, the overall level of crime by region is not compared, only the share of indicators of criminal statistics is analyzed, which can be called the "criminal profile" of the region. Reasonable conclusions are made about the presence of objective prerequisites for the allocation of groups of regions. Possible ways of practical application of this classification are considered.

A fogvatartottak munkáltatásának egyes kérdéseiről

"The history of the development of the employment of prisoners has come a very long way, from hard labour to resocialization. Today the rights of prisoners are respected in their work, but these rights are sometimes different from the normal labour rights. In this study, I review the most relevant difference between the prisoners’ labour rights and the ordinary labour rights. Beyond that, I examine if the intentions formulated in 2015 − full employment and self-sustaining prisons in Hungary − have been achieved or not. In my study, I present some criminal statistics of the employment rates in Hungarian prisons."

On the Question of the Criminal Law and Criminological Concept of Recidivism

The concept of relapse, enshrined in the Russian criminal law, is subjected to scientific understanding and critical analysis. The characteristic of the essential signs of legal relapse is given, the opinions of various authors about their content are given. The conclusion is made about the desire of the legislator to narrow the scope of legal relapse. The definition of legal relapse has been formulated. The approaches to the study of criminological relapse, its correlation with criminal law relapse are noted, the essence and features of the study of relapse in criminology are determined. The analysis of the statistics of convicts, who at the time of conviction had removed and outstanding convictions and convicts who were found to have committed crimes in case of recidivism, were carried out. The data of official statistics of crime and convictions were compared, conclusions were drawn about the ratio of the proportion of legal and criminological recidivism in them, and conclusions were drawn about the insignificant volume of recidivism in the total aggregate of repeated crimes. Shows the reflection of information about the recidivism of crimes in criminal statistics - the number and proportion of persons who have previously committed crimes, as well as previously convicted. The analysis of the statistics of convicts who at the time of conviction had a removed and outstanding convictions and convicts recognized as having committed crimes upon recidivism was carried out. The data of the official statistics of crime and convictions were compared, conclusions were made about the ratio of the proportion of legal and criminological recidivism in them, and conclusions were drawn about the insignificant volume of recidivism in the total set of repeated crimes.

Law and Legal Order in the Smolensk Region after Enemy Occupation: 1943–45

The article addresses the issue of legality in the Smolensk region after its liberation from the invaders during the Great Patriotic War. Combining the totality of crimes in 1943–45 into three groups seems justified: crimes caused by the consequences of occupation; criminal offenses; crimes related to violation of labour discipline in the wartime. The first group includes such crimes as desertion, espionage, treason, and aiding the invaders. As the facts indicate, unlike traitors, to whom no exemptions were provided, accomplices could expect that mitigating and justifying circumstances will be taken into account. Crime was mostly kept down in the Smolensk region (unlike other rear regions). Violations of wartime labor law constituted the largest group of crimes. Moreover, from 1943 to 1944 their number grew by 50%. There was a discussion on adequacy of penalty to the gravity of offense in this category. The authors' position is based on the severity of the situation. The state used all available resources to achieve victory in the war, including forced labour. The Smolensk region data, when compared with other regions, show difficulties in reconstructing nationwide picture of law and legal order. Summarized data should take into account regional specifics. When studying the issue, it is appropriate to divide the country into at least two territories: rear areas not affected by the warfare and combat or occupation zone. Morevover, criminal statistics of the Smolensk region, where the vast majority of population were rural residents, differs significantly from the industrial areas of the country.