scholarly journals Research Design for an Integrated Artificial Intelligence Ethical Framework

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Афина Караджоянни
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Research Design ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Social Good ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
The Individual

Artificial Intelligence (AI) regulatory and other governance mechanisms have only started to emerge and consolidate. Therefore, AI regulation, legislation, frameworks, and guidelines are presently fragmented, isolated, or co-exist in an opaque space between national governments, international bodies, corporations, practitioners, think-tanks, and civil society organisations. This article proposes a research design set up to address this problem by directly collaborating with targeted actors to identify principles for AI that are trustworthy, accountable, safe, fair, non-discriminatory, and which puts human rights and the social good at the centre of its approach. It proposes 21 interlinked substudies, focusing on the ethical judgements, empirical statements, and practical guidelines, which manufacture ethicopolitical visions and AI policies across four domains: seven tech corporations, seven governments, seven civil society actors, together with the analysis of online public debates. The proposed research design uses multiple research techniques: extensive mapping and studies of AI ethics policy documents and 120 interviews of key individuals, as well as assorted analyses of public feedback discussion loops on AI, employing digital methods on online communities specialising in AI debates. It considers novel conceptual interactions communicated across the globe, expands the regulatory, ethics, and technological foresight, both at the individual level (autonomy, identity, dignity, privacy, and data protection) and the societal level (fairness/equality, responsibility, accountability and transparency, surveillance/datafication, democracy and trust, collective humanity and the common good). By producing an innovative, intercontinental, multidisciplinary research design for an Ethical AI Standard, this article offers a concrete plan to search for the Holy Grail of Artificial Intelligence: Its Ethics.

2019 TOKYO DECLARATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-85
Author(s):  
James Appleyard
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Life Balance ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Service Environment ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Individual Physician ◽  
The Individual

As the Congress explored the nature of burnout among doctors and health professionals in differing settings and in different nations it is clear that burnout is a global phenomenon. An organizational paradigm changes to a person- and people-centered system that incorporates complexity, is adaptive and integrative is essential. Such a change will enable continuing medical education be effective and the current unaffordable and unnecessary waste of human resources that the Congress identified reduced. The Congress reviewed a range of features precipitating burnout including a dysfunctional work–life balance and a variety of relatively simple individually protective factors. It is because of this variety that person- and people-centered initiatives rather than narrowly based top-down management solutions will prove effective Individual-level actions can be taken to reduce stress and poor health symptoms through effective coping and promoting healthy behavior. But there needs to be a much better alignment between the health system and the individual physician so that there are shared professional values within a clear medical ethical framework [23] that encourages professional development and adaptation to the health service environment and health system.

scholarly journals Methodological Issues in Studies of Cultural Legacies in Post-Socialist Russia’s Civil Society

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-165
Author(s):  
Anna Leskinen
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Cultural Legacies ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThe state of civil society in post-socialist Russia and other former socialist countries is of great interest to social scientists, policy makers, and development-oriented practitioners. Numerous theoretical assumptions and methodological approaches have been used by researchers to describe, analyze, and assess the state of civil society in Russia, for example. One of the key issues addressed has been the influences on citizens’ civic and social activities and the historical conditions and cultural environments that have generated – and continue to generate – these activities. This critique focuses on the concept of “communist legacies” which has been applied at the individual level to explain people’s preferences, attitudes, and forms of behavior in Russia and other post-socialist countries. The concept is influential, in large part, because it has been supported by empirical research, especially the highly influential empirical research of Marc Howard. This paper takes a critical look at this research, including its theoretical frame and the methodology associated with the frame.

scholarly journals Between “CV builder” and “Genuine” activist: The many faces of youth civic engagement in Serbia

Sociologija ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-276
Author(s):  
Jelisaveta Petrovic ◽  
Dragan Stanojevic
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Civic Engagement ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Methodology ◽  
Youth Engagement ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Youth Civic Engagement ◽  
Social Good ◽  
Civil Society Organisations

The aim of this paper is to explore the characteristics and relative importance of civic engagement for young members of civil society organisations in Serbia. This article is exploratory in character and is based on qualitative methodology. Youth engagement is observed through the theoretical lens of the life course approach. The questions addressed by the paper are as follows: How do young people perceive their civic engagement? What motivates their participation? How does this engagement relate to other aspects of their life course? The method used here is narrative analysis of 20 semi-structured interviews conducted with young volunteers and members of civil society organisations in Serbia selected through theoretical sampling. The key finding is that there is a range of motivations and accompanying strategies - from the purely idealistic to the highly instrumental. The majority of our respondents displayed a mixed type of motivation, successfully combining activities aimed at protecting the ?social good? with those that contribute to the achievement of personal goals. Motivation, however, tends to vary between the different types of organisations, professional and grassroots. Engagement in professional organisations is more frequently instrumental and, in contrast, grassroots organisations typically attract ?genuine?, value-driven activists.

Can Authoritarian Regimes Breed Loyalty? The Case of Nashi

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 461-485
Author(s):  
Virginie Lasnier
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Coherent State ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Youth Groups ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Vladimir Putin ◽  
State Projects

An important literature on Russian civil society discusses its evolution, challenges, and prospects under Vladimir Putin. In particular, scholars show how the regime skillfully uses a mixture of coercive and channeling strategies to direct civil society into the ‘right path’, namely in the service of the regime. Perhaps the most glaring example of channeling strategies is the direct creation of CSOs from above, such as pro-regime youth groups. These groups are mean to orient public participation into accepted limits fixed by the state, often mimicking and duplicating grassroot organizations. But to what extent have they been effective in creating loyalty for the regime? In this paper, I focus on the little success that one of the most famous pro-regime youth groups, Nashi (Ours), paradoxically achieved in channeling civil society. While Nashi undeniably brought important benefits to some participants at the individual level, its effects at the societal level are significantly more limited. This is because, I argue, Nashi’s fate, just like many other state-projects, depended primarily on internal competition among self-interested elites. Instead of representing a coherent state strategy toward the youth and civil society, Nashi was mirroring the influence of power-maximizing individuals. The arguments of this paper are drawn from participant observations and from interviews with (then) current and former Nashi activists, as well as with other civil society experts

scholarly journals Some politics is local: the determinants of engagement in local and national politics across Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-44
Author(s):  
João Cancela
Keyword(s):  
Local Politics ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Political Engagement ◽  
Political Discussion ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Civil Society Organisations ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Understanding the roots of political engagement has been one of the critical tasks performed by students of comparative political behaviour. This paper adds to the literature by examining the determinants of political discussion about local and national affairs in Europe. A series of multilevel logit models are fitted to the data (n = 28,563 from 31 European countries) to test the individual and country level determinants of political discussion about local and national matters. At the individual level, we find that gender, the type of community, the type of civil society organisations people are members of, and their level of education affect the type of politics they engage with. At the macro level, citizens from countries with a higher economic development are more likely to engage in discussions about national affairs, while the impact of local government autonomy does not seem to make individuals more likely to engage in discussions about local politics. The findings suggest that if local politics is considered the share of politically disengaged citizens can be smaller than is typically estimated. The full range of democratic practice may thus remain underappreciated if non-national politics is left out of the picture in the study of political engagement.

scholarly journals Presenting an Optimization Model for Performing Health Care Tasks by the Iranian Government

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-461
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Salary ◽  
◽  
Farajollah Rahnavard ◽  
Naser Hamidi ◽  
Gholamreza Memarzadeh Tehran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Optimization Model ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Optimal Performance ◽  
Inference System ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Iranian Government ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual

Background: Optimal performance of health care tasks by the government in a way that promotes public health and development of the country is one of the most important pillars of governance. Objective: This study aims to present an optimization model for performing health care tasks by the Iranian government. In this model, the optimal interaction of governmental actors at the three action levels of governance (individual, organizational, and systemic) is examined. Methods: This is an applied descriptive study. Participants were 8 governmental management experts and 350 managers and deputies of the public, private, and non-governmental organizations in Iran. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. For designing the research model, fuzzy inference system was used. Findings: Promoting health care at the individual, organizational, and systemic levels was effective in optimally performance of the health care tasks by the government. At the individual level, civil society had a more important role, while the private and public sectors had a more important at the organizational and systemic levels, respectively. Conclusion: For optimal performance of macro-tasks in the field of health care, the Iranian government needs to pay more attention to the interaction of civil society and the private, public, and military sectors.

Virtue Ethics and Organizational Ethics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoff Moore
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Organizational Ethics ◽  
Alasdair Macintyre ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Individual

The aim of this chapter is to set out the virtues approach, mostly as characterized by Alasdair MacIntyre, at the individual level but also at the level of society since the two are interrelated. It discusses seven components of virtue ethics, and in the process introduces the ideas of purpose and the common good. It then looks at two criticisms of virtue ethics—first what is known as ‘situationism’, and second whether virtue ethics is insufficiently action-guiding, and provides a response to these. It also explores why, within a virtue ethics approach, we should be able to provide reasons for our actions, before considering whether and how the virtues approach might be applied to organizations. It argues that, using virtue as a metaphor, we can legitimately apply the concepts of virtue ethics at the organizational level.

scholarly journals «Servant» or «Master?»: Catholic Ethics and Artificial Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 113-120
Author(s):  
Veronika Yazkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Common Good ◽  
It Industry ◽  
Social Doctrine ◽  
Christian Morality ◽  
Ai Ethics ◽  
The Common ◽  
Democratic Freedom

The article deals with the attitude of the Vatican and Catholic community to various systems of artificial intelligence (AI), ethical standards of its use in the context of the common good and social fairness. Catholic hierarchs assert that the situation case when the information offered by BigData, power, and also wealth is concentrated in hands of quiet, pretty, relatively few powerful people tend to aggravate social contradictions and conflicts. Moreover, it can provoke an infringement of civil rights and democratic freedom in European communities. The «Rome Call» for an AI Ethics, signed in February of 2020 by the Pontifical Academy of Life and IT industry leaders, has become a landmark policy agreement in the area of AI ethics. This document is a logical continuation of agreements like «EU guidelines on ethics in artificial intelligence» and also «Policy and investment recommendations for trustworthy AI» adopted by the European Commission in 2019. Church hierarchs and Catholic theologians affirm that the formation of AI ethical code could be accomplished only with the participation of the entire civil society and the Catholic Church, inspired by the norms of Christian morality and also by the principles of its Social Doctrine.

scholarly journals A Review and Introduction to New Aspects of Digital and Computational Approaches to Human and AI Ethics

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Zenil
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Information Theory ◽  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Time Scales ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Digital Information ◽  
Technical Aspects ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Ethical Frameworks ◽  
Ai Ethics

I review previous attempts, including recent ones, to introduce technical aspects of digital information and computation into the discussion of ethics. I survey some limitations and advantages of these attempts to produce guiding principles at different scales. In particular, I briefly introduce and discuss questions, approaches, challenges, and limitations based on, or related to, simulation, information theory, integrated information, computer simulation, intractability, algorithmic complexity, and measures of computational organisation and sophistication. I discuss and propose a set of features that ethical frameworks must possess in order to be considered well-grounded, both in theoretical and methodological terms. I will show that while global ethical frameworks that are uncomputable are desirable because they provide non-teleological direction and open-ended meaning, constrained versions should be able to provide guidelines at more local and immediate time scales. In connection to the ethics of artificial intelligence, one point that must be underscored about computational approaches is that (General) AI should only embrace an ethical framework that we humans are willing to adopt. I think that such a framework is possible, taking the form of a general and universal (in the sense of computation) framework built from first computational principles.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document