Gender Policies of the Yugoslav State in the Context of Socialism

This paper examines official gender policies in the Yugoslav socialist context, primarily through the egalitarian socialist legislation, the prevailing discourse on the equality of men and women on which they relied, the projected values around which the social identity of women was constructed, the pillars recognized as central points of emancipation, but also through the means of their realization, the intertwining of gender policies and existing cultural practices as well as the (dis)continuity of female subordination in gender relations in socialist everyday life. In the same context, the paper discusses socialist women’s organizations, as well as the emergence of neo-feminism. The paper summarizes our previous research and draws on it, refers to other pertinent works and research, and documentation, shaping the picture of gender policies of the socialist Yugoslav state.

Lobbying Beyond the Legislature: Challenges and Biases in Women's Organizations’ Participation in Rulemaking

This study, which is based on a survey of women's organizations’ staff members, answers two previously unexamined questions about women's groups’ participation in the rulemaking process: (1) How do women's organizations participate? (2) What are the characteristics of the women's organizations that are the most likely to participate? About one-quarter (27%) of women's organizations reported that they lobby rulemakers, often using relatively low-cost methods, such as submitting comments or signing on to comments written by coalitions or like-minded groups. Women's organizations with large staffs that are structured the most like political insiders or influential economic interest groups were the most likely to participate in the process, potentially biasing participation in favor of relatively advantaged subgroups of women. Together, these results suggest that although rulemaking presents unique opportunities to represent women, the most marginalized women may be underrepresented during rulemaking debates.

Peran ‘Aisyiyah Pekanbaru dalam Pengembangan Pendidikan di Kota Pekanbaru (1975-2015)

This study aims to analyze the role of Aisyiyah in the development of education in Pekanbaru City in 1975-2015, so as to find out the background of the establishment of Aisyiyah Pekanbaru. Aisyiyah as a special Autonomous Muhammadiyah organization can foster women to be educated to become leaders, and be prepared to become administrators in Muhammadiyah women's organizations. Aisyiyah's presence in developing her educational role in Riau Province, especially in Pekanbaru City has given birth to strong cadres in organizing through Muhammadiyah-Aisyiyah cadre education. Aisyiyah's presence in Pekanbaru is inseparable from the arrival of Muhammadiyah's understanding and thoughts. Aisyiyah is engaged in social, educational, health and religious fields. This research uses historical methods consisting of heuristics, verification, interpretation, historiography. Aisyiyah has activities with several programs, one of which is in the field of education, especially at the Bustanul Athfal Aisyiyah Kindergarten (TK) on worship programs that are guided by the Central Leadership (PP) in Jakarta regarding Muhammadiyah and KeAisyiyah. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded: The presence of 'Aisyiyah in Pekanbaru is inseparable from the arrival of Muhammadiyah's understanding and thoughts. The entry of the notion of renewal (Muhammadiyah) to Riau is the establishment of da'wah and trade interactions with the surrounding area. Aisyiyah in education is concerned with Islamic children's education, cadre education in Baitul Arqom training, Aisyiyah's women's orphanage provides formal and non-formal education with noble character. Keywords: Role, Aisyiyah, Development, Education Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis peran Aisyiyah dalam pengembangan pendidikan di Kota Pekanbaru tahun 1975-2015, sehingga dapat mengetahui latarbelakang berdirinya Aisyiyah Pekanbaru. Aisyiyah sebagai organisasi Otonomi khusus Muhammadiyah dapat membina kaum perempuan untuk di didik menjadi pimpinan, serta dipersiapkan untuk menjadi pengurus dalam organisasi perempuan Muhammadiyah. Kehadiran Aisyiyah dalam mengembangkan peran pendidikannya di Provinsi Riau terkhususnya di Kota Pekanbaru telah melahirkan kader-kader yang tangguh dalam berorganisasi melalui pendidikan pengkaderan Muhammadiyah-Aisyiyah. Kehadiran Aisyiyah di Pekanbaru tidak terlepas dari kedatangan paham dan pemikiran Muhammadiyah. Aisyiyah bergerak dalam ranah sosial, pendidikan, kesehatan dan keagamaan, Penelitian ini menggunakan metode sejarah yang terdiri atas heuristik, verifikasi, intepretasi, Historiografi. Aisyiyah mempunyai kegiatan dengan beberapa program salah satu di bidang pendidikan terutama di Taman Kanak-kanak (TK) Bustanul Athfal Aisyiyah program mengenai ibadah yang di tuntun dari Pimpinan Pusat (PP) di Jakarta tentang Kemuhammadiyahan dan Keaisyiyahan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan: Kehadiran ‘Aisyiyah di Pekanbaru tidak terlepas dari kedatangan paham dan pemikiran Muhammadiyah. Masuknya paham pembaharuan (Muhammadiyah) ke Riau ini terjalinnya interaksi dakwah dan perdagangan dengan daerah sekitar. Aisyiyah dalam pendidikan konsen terhadap pendidikan anak yang Islami, pendidikan perkaderan dalam pelatihan Baitul Arqom, panti asuhan putri Aisyiyah memberikan pendidikan formal dan non-formal yang berakhlak mulia. Kata kunci : Peran, Aisyiyah, Pengembangan, Pendidikan

The Framing of Gender-Based Violence Discourses in Mainstream Development: From a Human Rights Violation to a Development Barrier

This chapter discusses the emergence of gender-based violence (GBV) as a grassroots women’s organizations’ concern, and how it later became a human rights issue and a priority in the mainstream development agenda. The anti-GBV movement is deeply rooted in a human rights approach and on defending the right of women to a life free of violence. However, mainstream development and governmental initiatives have increasingly framed the fight against GBV in instrumental terms, situating GBV as an obstacle to development. The chapter uses a feminist lens to critically analyse mainstream discourses and their implications for policy and development programs aimed at reducing GBV rates.

The Contribution of Women in the Bengali Language Movement (1952): A Historical Analysis

During the period 1947-48, student movements started in various areas of Bangladesh demanding to make Bengali one of the state languages. Through participation in these movements, political awareness among the girls of Bengal increased. So in the final stages of the 1952 language movement, the massive participation of girls can be noticed. The girls of Dhaka and the girls of different districts and sub-divisional cities of Bangladesh took an active part in the 1952 language movement. In addition to school-college girls, various members of various women's organizations such as Shishuraksha Samiti, Wari Mahila Samiti, and others actively take part in the 1952 language movement. Therefore, the role of Bengali women in the Bengali language movement was unforgettable. Apart from men, women also acted as supporting forces of the language movement in various ways from their position. Therefore, the idea which Bengali women are just helpless, helpless is not correct. In this article, we have analyzed the role of women in the Bengali language movement.

Drought Management by Formal and Informal Organizations of Kajiado County, Kenya; Special Reference to Role of Women.

The study aimed at investigating the role of women’s organizations in the management and reduction of drought impact formally and informally in Kajiado County, Kenya. The study, therefore, examined how women’s organizations create awareness in ownership rights to empower women and determined how gender policies by women’s organizations influence the empowerment of women. The study also examined how income generating activities by women’s organizations led to women's empowerment and the extent to which women’s organizations mobilize resources to empower women. The systems theory of organizations was used to understand the dynamics of women group organizations. A total of 20 women group organizations were included in the study, accounting for 500 members. Questionnaires were used for data collection and the data was analysed through quantitative means. Most women’s organizations creating awareness in ownership rights to empower women do not own assets of their own and believe that the land they live in belongs to their husbands and that they are in control over it. Most of the organizations generate income for women through activities such as the sale of farm produce, cash from labour activities and cash from their husbands. Based on the findings, the study recommended that leaders should establish women’s councils to participate in leadership matters to empower them and be part of agenda formulation and decision making