Case Study: Comparison of Swimsuits and Wetsuits Through Biomechanics and Energetics in Elite Female Open Water Swimmers

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Zacca ◽  
Bruno Mezêncio ◽  
Flávio A. de Souza Castro ◽  
Fábio Y. Nakamura ◽  
David B. Pyne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
World Series ◽  
Shoulder Flexion ◽  
Drag Factor

Aim: The authors investigated how the Arena Powerskin R-EVO Closed Back swimsuit and Arena Carbon Triwetsuit (full-sleeve wetsuit), both approved by the Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) regulations, affect biomechanics and energetics of 3 elite female open water (OW) swimmers at maximal and 4 submaximal swimming intensities. Methods: Three elite female OW swimmers (OW1 = 24 y, 1.64 m, 60 kg; OW2 = 23 y, 1.69 m, 65 kg; OW3 = 27 y, 1.63 m, 64.5 kg) were tested 1 week prior to a FINA/CNSG (China National Sports Group) Marathon Swim World Series event and 40 days before the 18th FINA World Championships 2019. Each OW swimmer completed 2 identical testing sessions, one with a swimsuit and other with a wetsuit, involving shoulder flexion power output assessed from medicine-ball throw, maximal performance and drag coefficient assessment, and an incremental intermittent swim test at 4 different relative intensities. Results: Estimated peak oxygen uptake was 4.4 L·min−1 for OW1, 5.6 L·min−1 for OW2, and 5.0 L·min−1 for OW3. Despite a distinct behavior observed on index of coordination for OW3, a null index of synchronization, increased stroke rate (mean difference = 2%–8%), reduced drag factor (minimum = −14%; maximum = −30%), lower energy cost (mean difference = −2% to −6%), and faster performance (mean difference = 2% to 3%) were observed with the wetsuit compared with swimsuit for all elite OW swimmers. Conclusion: The wetsuit enhances submaximal swimming performance, and this increase is dependent on the OW swimmer’s characteristics. The higher stroke rate and lower stroke length detected with wetsuit could be related to movement constraints imposed by the suit.

Spatial-temporal variables for swimming coaches: A comparison study between video and TritonWear sensor

2021 ◽  
pp. 174795412110137
Author(s):  
Robin Pla ◽  
Thibaut Ledanois ◽  
Escobar David Simbana ◽  
Anaël Aubry ◽  
Benjamin Tranchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
Stroke Index ◽  
Wearable Sensor ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Video Recordings ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Training Sets

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and the reliability of a swimming sensor to assess swimming performance and spatial-temporal variables. Six international male open-water swimmers completed a protocol which consisted of two training sets: a 6×100m individual medley and a continuous 800 m set in freestyle. Swimmers were equipped with a wearable sensor, the TritonWear to collect automatically spatial-temporal variables: speed, lap time, stroke count (SC), stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), and stroke index (SI). Video recordings were added as a “gold-standard” and used to assess the validity and the reliability of the TritonWear sensor. The results show that the sensor provides accurate results in comparison with video recording measurements. A very high accuracy was observed for lap time with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) under 5% for each stroke (2.2, 3.2, 3.4, 4.1% for butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle respectively) but high error ranges indicate a dependence on swimming technique. Stroke count accuracy was higher for symmetric strokes than for alternate strokes (MAPE: 0, 2.4, 7.1 & 4.9% for butterfly, breaststroke, backstroke & freestyle respectively). The other variables (SL, SR & SI) derived from the SC and the lap time also show good accuracy in all strokes. The wearable sensor provides an accurate real time feedback of spatial-temporal variables in six international open-water swimmers during classical training sets (at low to moderate intensities), which could be a useful tool for coaches, allowing them to monitor training load with no effort.

Pacing and Mood Changes While Crossing the Adriatic Sea From Italy to Albania: A Case Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 520-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulia De Ioannon ◽  
Giuseppe Cibelli ◽  
Sergio Mignardi ◽  
Agnese Antonelli ◽  
Laura Capranica ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Adriatic Sea ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Pacing Strategy

Purpose:To evaluate the pacing strategy, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and mood during a 78.1-km solo ultraendurance open-water swim.Methods:Before and after the event, anthropometric parameters, cortisol, and the profile of mood state (POMS) of 1 male athlete (age 48 y, height 172 cm, body mass 68 kg, body fat 7.2%, athletic achievement: Italian record holder of the Channel Swim) were ascertained. Every 3 h during the event, average swimming speed (SS), stroke rate, stroke length (SL), and RPE were recorded.Results:The athlete completed the event in 23:44 h:min. Compared with the first 3 h of swimming, decreases in SS (−33%) and SL (−25%) were observed between 18 h and 21 h. Thereafter, the athlete increased SS (+41%) and SL (+17%) between 21 h and the end. RPE steadily increased from the beginning to the last 6 h of swimming. Cortisol showed a 23-fold increase. After the event, POMS showed a 500% increase in fatigue, 44% decrease in tension, and 77% decrease in vigor.Conclusion:For the first time ever an athlete crossed the Adriatic Sea. This case study shows that the athlete adopted a variable pacing strategy to complete 78 km. Despite the athlete perceiving his effort at maximum during the last 6 h, the observed increases in SS at the end of the event might substantiate his high potential motivation to accomplish this challenging and unique event.

scholarly journals Analysis of 50-, 100-, and 200-m Freestyle Swimmers at the 1992 Olympic Games

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Arellano ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Jane Cappaert ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Average Velocity ◽  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Starting Time

The performances of 335 male and female swimmers competing in 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle events at the 1992 Barcelona Olympic Games were videotaped and analyzed to determine stroke length (SL), stroke rate (SR), starting time (ST), turning times (TI = turn in, TO = turn out), finishing (end) time (ET), and average velocity (AV); relationships were then determined among these variables in addition to height, weight, age, and final time (FT). Differences were subsequently assessed within and among the events, and comparisons were made between male and female performances. ST, TI, TO, ET, and SL were identified as principal components of successful swimming performance at each distance. Results revealed statistically significant correlations between factors for all events. The men were older and taller; possessed longer stroke lengths; and started, turned, and swam faster than the women. As the race distance increased from 50 to 200 m, ST, TI, TO, SL, and ET increased for both men and women, while age, SR, and AV decreased.

scholarly journals The relationship between stroke-rate, stroke-length and some anthropometric features in 11 - 12 year old swimmers11 – 12 yaş yüzücülerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğunun bazı antropometrik özelliklerle ilişkisi

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Şenel ◽  
Cihan Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Sitting Height ◽  
Anthropometric Features ◽  
Practical Performance ◽  
The Times ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Male Subjects

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship between some body measurements and the stroke-rate (SR) and the stroke-length (SL) which are important effects on swimming performance and to investigate the effect of these body characteristics on performance. The stroke-rate and the stroke-length correlate significantly with performance in short-term tests and long-term tests. It is also a practical performance analysis component for competitions or training. 18 female (mean age 11,25 std, 0.46) and 22 male (mean age 11,42 std. 0.51) subjects were included in the study. Twenty-three different anthropometric variables were used to assess the correlation of the stroke-rate, the stroke-length and swimming speeds using statistical techniques.The relationship between upper arm length and SR (0.022, p<0.05), time and SL (0.01, p<0.01), arm length and SL (0.049, p<0.05), forearm length and SL (0.031, p<0.05) were found for male subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition. There was no significant relationship between SL and SR with the anthropometric characteristics of female subjects entering 100 m freestyle competition.In addition, the times of the female participants entering the 100 m freestyle competition were found to be correlated with mesomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) and ectomorphic (0.01, p<0.01) values. There was a relationship between the times of the male subjects entering the freestyle competition and the length of the sitting height (0.038, p<0.05).Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetBu çalışma, bazı vücut ölçüleri ile yüzme performansına önemli etkisi olan kulaç oranı (KO) ve kulaç uzunluğu (KU) parametreleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek, bu vücut özelliklerinin performansa etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Kısa ve uzun süreli testlerde kulaç oranı ve kulaç uzunluğu ile performans arasında istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Ayrıca müsabaka veya antrenmanlar için pratik performans analizi bileşenleridir. Çalışmada 18 kız (yaş ortalaması 11,25 std. sap. 0,46) ve 22 erkek (yaş ortalaması 11,42 std. sap. 0,51) denek olarak alınmıştır. 23 farklı antropometrik değişken ile kulaç oranı, kulaç uzunluğu ve yüzme hızları korelasyon istatistik tekniği kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir.100 m Serbest yarışına katılan erkek deneklerin üst kol uzunluğu ve KO arasında -0,652 değerinde (p<0,05), derece ve KU arasında -0,708 değerinde (p<0,01), kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,579 değerinde (p<0,05), ön kol uzunluğu ve KU arasında 0,623 değerinde (p<0,05) ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin antropometrik özellikleri ile KU ve KO arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunamamıştır.  Ayrıca 100 m Serbest yarışına giren kız deneklerin dereceleri ile mezomorfi (0,01, p<0,01), ektomorfi (0,01, p<0,01) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur. 100 m Serbest yarışına giren erkek deneklerin dereceleri ile oturma boyu uzunluğu (0,038, p<0,05) değerleri arasında ilişki bulunmuştur.

Acute Resistance Exercise: Physiological and Biomechanical Alterations During a Subsequent Swim Training Session

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Gavriil G. Arsoniadis ◽  
Gregory C. Bogdanis ◽  
Gerasimos Terzis ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Strength Training ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Warm Up ◽  
Biomechanical Parameters

Purpose: To examine the acute effect of dry-land strength training on physiological and biomechanical parameters in a subsequent swim training session. Methods: Twelve male swimmers (age: 19.0 [2.2] y, peak oxygen uptake: 65.5 [11.4] mL·kg−1·min−1) performed a 5 × 200-m test with progressively increasing intensity. Blood lactate (BL) concentration was measured after each 200-m bout, and the speed corresponding to 4 mmol·L−1 (V4) was calculated. In the experimental (EXP) and control (CON) conditions, swimmers participated in a swim training session consisting of 1000-m warm-up, a bout of 10-second tethered swimming sprint, and 5 × 400 m at V4. In EXP condition, swimmers completed a dry-land strength training session (load: 85% of 1-repetition maximum) 15 minutes before the swimming session. In CON condition, swimmers performed the swimming session only. Oxygen uptake, BL concentration, arm-stroke rate, arm-stroke length, and arm-stroke efficiency were measured during the 5 × 400 m. Results: Force in the 10-second sprint was not different between conditions (P = .61), but fatigue index was higher in the EXP condition (P = .03). BL concentration was higher in EXP condition and showed large effect size at the fifth 400-m repetition compared with CON condition (6.4 [2.7] vs 4.6 [2.8] mmol·L−1, d = 0.63). During the 5 × 400 m, arm-stroke efficiency remained unchanged, arm-stroke length was decreased from the third repetition onward (P = .01), and arm-stroke rate showed a medium increment in EXP condition (d = 0.23). Conclusions: Strength training completed 15 minutes before a swim training session caused moderate changes in biomechanical parameters and increased BL concentration during swimming. Despite these changes, swimmers were able to maintain force and submaximal speed during the endurance training session.

scholarly journals The influence of different hand paddle size on 100-m front crawl kinematics

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel López-Plaza ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
Pedro A. López-Miñarro ◽  
José M. Muyor
Keyword(s):  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Swimming Velocity ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the influence of different sizes of hand paddles on kinematicparameters during a 100 m freestyle swimming performance in elite swimmers. Nine elite swimmers (19.1 ± 1.9 years)completed three tests of 100 m without paddles, with small paddles (271.27 cm2) and with large paddles (332.67 cm2),respectively. One video camera was used to record the performance during the three trials. The mean swimmingvelocity, stroke rate and stroke length were measured in the central 10 meters of each 50 m length. The results showedthat stroke length tended to increase significantly when wearing hand paddles (p < 0.05) during both the first andsecond 50 m sections whereas the increase in swimming velocity occurred only in the second 50 m (p < 0.05).Conversely, the stroke rate showed a slight decreasing trend with increasing paddle size. During the 100 m freestyletrial the stroke kinematics were changed significantly as a result of the increase in propelling surface size when handpaddles were worn.

Analysis of Male and Female Olympic Swimmers in the 100-Meter Events

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Kennedy ◽  
Peter Brown ◽  
Somadeepti N. Chengalur ◽  
Richard C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Olympic Games ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Final Time ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Performance ◽  
Dominant Feature

The performance of male and female swimmers (N = 397) competing in the preliminary heats of the four 100-meter swimming events during the Seoul Olympic Games was videotaped and later analyzed to determine stroke rate (SR) and stroke length (SL). These data were combined with age, height, and final time (FT) values for statistical analyses which included the relationships among these variables, comparison of male and female performance, and assessment of differences in the four events. The results revealed the following ranges of correlations between SR and SL (rs from −0.65 to −0.90), SL and FT (rs from −0.32 to −0.80), height and SL (0.19 to 0.58), and age and FT (-0.16 to −.051). The factor of SL was identified as the dominant feature of successful swimming performance. The men were older and taller, had longer stroke lengths and higher stroke rates (two of four events), and swam faster than the women. The differences in final times across the four events (freestyle fastest, breaststroke slowest) were due to specific combinations of SR and SL, with neither parameter being consistently dominant.

scholarly journals Critical stroke rate as a parameter for evaluation in swimming

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 724-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Franken ◽  
Fernando Diefenthaeler ◽  
Felipe Collares Moré ◽  
Ricardo Peterson Silveira ◽  
Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
Keyword(s):  
Aerobic Capacity ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Stroke Rate ◽  
Front Crawl ◽  
Stroke Length ◽  
Competitive Swimmers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the critical stroke rate (CSR) compared to the average stroke rate (SR) when swimming at the critical speed (CS). Ten competitive swimmers performed five 200 m trials at different velocities relative to their CS (90, 95, 100, 103 and 105%) in front crawl. The CSR was significantly higher than the SR at 90% of the CS and lower at 105% of the CS. Stroke length (SL) at 103 and 105% of the CS were lower than the SL at 90, 95, and 100% of the CS. The combination of the CS and CSR concepts can be useful for improving both aerobic capacity/power and technique. CS and CSR could be used to reduce the SR and increase the SL, when swimming at the CS pace, or to increase the swimming speed when swimming at the CSR.

scholarly journals Effect of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Swimming Performance in Trained Swimmers

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Lowings ◽  
Oliver Michael Shannon ◽  
Kevin Deighton ◽  
Jamie Matu ◽  
Matthew John Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
Time Trial ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Nitric Oxide Concentration ◽  
Nitrate Supplementation ◽  
Maximal Effort

Nitrate supplementation appears to be most ergogenic when oxygen availability is restricted and subsequently may be particularly beneficial for swimming performance due to the breath-hold element of this sport. This represents the first investigation of nitrate supplementation and swimming time-trial (TT) performance. In a randomized double-blind repeated-measures crossover study, ten (5 male, 5 female) trained swimmers ingested 140ml nitrate-rich (~12.5mmol nitrate) or nitrate-depleted (~0.01mmol nitrate) beetroot juice. Three hours later, subjects completed a maximal effort swim TT comprising 168m (8 × 21m lengths) backstroke. Preexercise fractional exhaled nitric oxide concentration was significantly elevated with nitrate compared with placebo, Mean (SD): 17 (9) vs. 7 (3)p.p.b., p = .008. Nitrate supplementation had a likely trivial effect on overall swim TT performance (mean difference 1.22s; 90% CI -0.18–2.6s; 0.93%; p = .144; d = 0.13; unlikely beneficial (22.6%), likely trivial (77.2%), most unlikely negative (0.2%)). The effects of nitrate supplementation during the first half of the TT were trivial (mean difference 0.29s; 90% CI -0.94–1.5s; 0.46%; p = .678; d = 0.05), but there was a possible beneficial effect of nitrate supplementation during the second half of the TT (mean difference 0.93s; 90% CI 0.13–1.70s; 1.36%; p = .062; d = 0.24; possibly beneficial (63.5%), possibly trivial (36.3%), most unlikely negative (0.2%)). The duration and speed of underwater swimming within the performance did not differ between nitrate and placebo (both p > .30). Nitrate supplementation increased nitric oxide bioavailability but did not benefit short-distance swimming performance or the underwater phases of the TT. Further investigation into the effects of nitrate supplementation during the second half of performance tests may be warranted.

Comparison of Stopping Modes for Pod-Driven Ships by Simulation Based on Model Testing

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
M D Woodward ◽  
M Atlar ◽  
D Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Load Condition ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Water Model ◽  
Simulation Algorithm ◽  
Time Domain Simulation ◽  
Dynamic Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Fluid Damping

Conventionally, the stopping of a ship is achieved by direct reversal of propeller rotation. However, the introduction of azimuthing pods presents other options. The following study examines the various modes that may be employed to stop a pod-driven ship. A continuous function is derived describing the hydrodynamic forces on both the propeller and the pod body for any load condition and helm angle, including fluid damping and added mass effects. The proposed function is validated through comparison with comprehensive open water model tests. Next, a time domain simulation algorithm is proposed to examine the dynamic effects including the mass inertia on both the propeller shaft and slewing stock. Finally, a simulation study for the proposed stopping modes is performed using a known design as a case study. Results and discussion are presented.

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