scholarly journals KOMPOSISI PENYUSUN TERUMBU KARANG TEPI (FRINGING REEF) DI PULAU MANDANGIN KABUPATEN SAMPANG, MADURA The Composition of Fringing Reef Formation in Pulau Mandangin, Sampang Province, Madura

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Guntur Guntur ◽  
Samsul Arifin ◽  
Oktiyas Muzaky Luthfi
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Reef Slope ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
Fringing Reef ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Base Substrate ◽  
Line Intercept ◽  
Substrate Types ◽  
Reef Formation

ABSTRAK   Terumbu karang tepi di Pulau Mandangin tersusun substrat biotik dan abiotik dengan kedalaman tidak lebih dari 40 m. Pulau Mandangin adalah pulau kecil yang memiliki komposisi substrat dasar seperti terumbu karang dan perairannya yaitu zona leeward dan zona windward. Zona leeward adalah sisi yang membelakangi arah datangnya angin, sedangkan zona windward adalah sisi yang menghadap arah datangnya angin. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui komposisi penyusun terumbu karang tepi (fringing reef) dan mengetahui perbedaan komposisi penyusun terumbu karang tepi (fringing reef) antara zona leeward dan zona windward di Pulau Mandangin. Metode yang digunakan adalah Line Intercept Transect (LIT) secara vertikal, LIT dimulai dari surut terendah sampai daerah reef slope dan dilakukan pencatatan semua jenis substrat yang dibawah garis transek. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan zona fringing reef yang mengelilingi Pulau Mandangin tersusun atas substrat rubble, sand, alga, rock, dead coral, dead coral with algae, sponge, coral massive dan coral submassive. Zona leeward lebih bervariasi dari zona windward dalam susunan fringing reef. Hal ini karena angin yang terjadi di zona windward lebih besar dari zona leeward, sehingga substrat di zona windward hanya rubble dan sand.   Kata kunci: Fringing reef, zona windward, zona leeward, substrat, Pulau Mandangin     ABSTRACT  Fringing reef in Mandangin Island comprises of biotic and abiotic substrates in depth not more than 40 m. Mandangin Island is a small island with base substrate composition mostly involving coral reef. The waters include leeward and windward zones. Leeward zone is paralleling with wind incoming direction, whereas windward zone is facing on wind incoming direction. The objective of research is to understand the composition that constitutes fringing reef and to recognize different constitutive composition of fringing reef at leeward zone and windward zone in Mandangin Island. Method of research is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) that is applied vertically. LIT starts from the lowest ebb toward the reef slope zone, and it involves registering all substrate types below transect line. Result of research indicates that fringing zone surrounding Mandangin Island consists of various substrates such as rubble, sand, alga, rock, dead coral, dead coral with algae, sponge, coral massive and coral sub-massive. Leeward zone is more diversified in fringing reef composition than windward zone. It is evident because wind occurrence at windward zone is higher than at leeward zone, and thus, substrates at windward zone include only rubble and sand. Keywords: Fringing reef, windward zone, leeward zone, substrates, Mandangin Island

scholarly journals Status Terkini Tutupan Terumbu Karang di Perairan Dangkal Pulau Bedil, Desa Labuan Bajo, Kabupaten Sumbawa, NTB

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-253
Author(s):  
Mahardika Rizqi Himawan ◽  
Eni Hidayati ◽  
Nurliah Buhari ◽  
Sitti Hilyana ◽  
Maulita Syahdina
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Coral Mortality ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
The North ◽  
Mortality Index ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Index Value

Bedil Island is included in the Keramat, Bedil, and Temudong Small Island Park (TPK), which was approved by the Regent of Sumbawa. Administratively, this island is included in the Labuan Bajo Village area, Sumbawa, NTB. There is the existence of coral reef ecosystems in these waters that form a reef flat and reef slope profile, that stretches to the southwest and northeast. By its designation as a small island park, the coral reefs in Bedil Island are used as an underwater tourism object. This study aims to determine the current condition of coral reef cover in the waters around Bedil Island, especially in the eastern and southern parts of the island. Coral reefs in the north and west area are limited and there is the existence of seagrass beds. The line intercept transect method is carried out by spreading the roll meter as far as 50 meters on the east and south sides of the island with a depth of 2-3 meters. The coral lifeform that is tangent with the roll meter is then recorded and then analyzed for the average percent cover, clustering status, and coral mortality index. Coral reefs in the eastern and southern parts of Bedil Island are classified as very good/excellent because they have a percent cover value above 75%. In addition, the coral mortality index value is also relatively small which indicates that the corals are living well. Clearwater conditions and locations far from human settlements are thought to be factors that support coral survival. However, the presence of dead coral algae and rubble still indicates a threat of damage even though the value is small. Algae life on the surface of dead coral also indicates that the coral has been dead for a long time. 

scholarly journals Shallow-water hard corals (Hexacorallia: Scleractinia) from Bangka Belitung Islands Waters, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Singgih A. Putra ◽  
Helmy Akbar ◽  
Indra A. Syari
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Coral Community ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Seagrass Beds ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
The Status ◽  
Line Intercept

Bangka Belitung Islands (Sumatra, Indonesia) has various coastal resources, e.g., coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove forests. However, the coral community has been threatened by anthropogenic activities, i.e., tin mining and illegal tin mining. Threatened species assessment is important for mitigation of coral losses and management. The ojective of the present study was to examine the status of Scleractinian corals in Bangka Belitung Islands, Indonesia. A line intercept transect was performed for the coral reef survey. Live and dead coral cover were recorded in the three locations. Corals species were identified following taxonomic revisions. The results showed that there were 142 species of Scleractinian corals recorded from Bangka Belitung Islands. Of these, 22 species are the new report from the areas of the the eastern part of Belitung Island. Family of Merulinidae, Acroporidae, and Poritidae were predominant group in this region. It is concluded that the condition of the coral reef ecosystem in the Belitung Islands is relatively good, but fair in Gaspar Strait and Bangka Island.  Keywords: Coral cover, coral diversity, hard coral, Scleractinia

scholarly journals POPULATION CONDITIONS OF ECHINOIDEA AND CORAL REEF COVERS IN PONCAN GODANG ISLAND, SIBOLGA, NORTH SUMATERA

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 112-116
Author(s):  
Nainul Adni ◽  
Aras Mulyadi ◽  
Thamrin Thamrin
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Sea Urchin ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Line Intercept

Poncan Godang Island is included in the appropriate category based on the suitability of land for the Sibolga tourist area, with the presence of tourism activities that can also affect the amount of biodiversity in it. Considering the importance of coral reefs for biodiversity and sea urchins which also have a role in coral reef ecosystems, it is necessary to conduct research on the condition of sea urchins population and the percentage of coral reefs on Poncan Godang Island. Sea urchin and coral reef data were collected using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method by monitoring directly on the transect line along 50 meters. The results obtained indicate that the population of sea urchins in the waters of Poncan Godang Island, North Sumatra can be described, that sea urchins do not affect the coral reef ecosystem because at stations 1 and 5 there is no sea urchin and the percentage of coral cover is classified as bad, but at station 3 there are 32 individuals with coral reef cover conditions, while at stations with The percentage of good coral cover is that at station 4 there are only 25 individuals, as well as at station 2 where the percentage of coral cover is higher than station 3 and there are no sea urchins

scholarly journals Community Structure And Condition Of Coral Reefs In Poopoh Village Waters, Tombariri District, Minahasa Regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Marselo R. Manzanaris ◽  
Ari B. Rondonuwu ◽  
Silvester B. Pratasik
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Data Sampling ◽  
Reef Management ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Coral Reef Management ◽  
Management And Conservation ◽  
Line Intercept

This study aims to provide information about coral reefs condition in Poopoh waters and as input For related stakeholders for future coral reef management and conservation. Data sampling employed SCUBA gear with Line Intercept Transect (LIT) at 3 M and 10 M depth. It used 30 M-transect line and each depth was laid 3 transects.Results showed that the highest number of hard coral colonies at 3 M depth was found in branching coral and the lowest in ACD, while at 10 M depth, the highest number of colonies was recorded in CMR and the lowest in ACB.  Based on percent cover, it was found that the depth of 3 M had moderate coral condition, while the depth of 10 M had poor condition. Both depths had low diversity index, high eveneness index, and low dominance index.Key words: coral reef condition,  percent cover, diversity, evenness, dominance.  ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi tentang kondisi terumbu karang di perairan Desa Poopoh sebagai masukan bagi pihak-pihak terkait untuk pengelolaan dan pelestarian terumbu karang di masa mendatang.Pengambilan data terumbu karang menggunakan alat SCUBA dengan metode LIT (Line Intercept Transek) pada kedalaman 3 M dan 10 M. Penelitian in menggunakan 30 M panjang  transek, dan masing-masing kedalaman ditempatkan 3 transek.Jumlah koloni karang batu terbanyak di kedalaman 3 meter ditemukan pada jenis karang bercabang (CB), 4,33 koloni dan jumlah koloni terendah pada ACD, sedangkan pada kedalaman 10 M, koloni terbanyak ditemukan CMR dan terendah pada ACB.  Berdasarkan persentase tutupan, ditemukan bahwa kedalaman 3 meter memiliki kondisi terumbu karang sedang, sedangkan kedalaman 10 M memiliki kondisi terumbu karang buruk. Kedua kedalaman memiliki indeks keanekaragaman (H’) rendah, indeks kemerataan tinggi, dan indeks dominasi tergolong rendah.Kata kunci: kondisi terumbu karang, persen tutupan, keragaman, pemerataan, dominasi.

scholarly journals Kualitas Habitat Rekruitmen Juvenil Karang Di Perairan Pulau Kemujan, Karimunjawa

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149
Author(s):  
Kharisma Ayu Zeina Halisah ◽  
Anhar Solichin ◽  
Aninditia Sabdaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Reef Flat ◽  
Coral Cover ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Reef Slope ◽  
Live Coral ◽  
The West ◽  
Dead Coral ◽  
West Side ◽  
Live Coral Cover ◽  
Line Intercept

Pulau Kemujan merupakan salah satu pulau terbesar di Kepulauan Karimunjawa yang memiliki kerapatan terumbu karang yang beragam. Ekosistem terumbu karang memiliki peranan penting namun juga merupakan ekosistem yang rentan akan terjadinya kerusakan. Akibat penurunan kondisi kualitas lingkungan dapat memungkinkan untuk memberikan pengaruh terhadap habitat rekruitmen juvenil. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kelimpahan juvenil karang berdasarkan perbedaan kedalaman, kesesuaian faktor fisika, kimia dan biologi yang mempengaruhi proses penempelan juvenil karang, kondisi terumbu karang berdasarkan perbedaan kedalaman serta hubungan antara kelimpahan juvenil karang dengan tutupan karang dan bahan organik di perairan Pulau Kemujan. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu metode analisis deskriptif, sedangkan metode yang digunakan untuk pengumpulan data yaitu Line Intercept Transect (LIT) sepanjang 50 meter. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu kelimpahan juvenil karang tertinggi berada di daerah reef flat sisi barat perairan Pulau Kemujan sebanyak 47 koloni, sedangkan kelimpahan terendah berada di daerah reef slope sisi timur sebanyak 7 koloni. Parameter perairan fisika, kimia dan biologi pada penelitian masih berada pada batas kisaran nilai optimum. Kondisi tutupan karang hidup pada sisi barat perairan Pulau Kemujan berkisar dari 46,60% hingga 53,62% sedangkan pada sisi timur yaitu berkisar dari 44,10% hingga 71,38%. Kelimpahan juvenil karang dengan tutupan karang hidup, pecahan karang serta bahan organik menunjukkan pola hubungan yang berbanding terbalik sedangkan dengan tutupan karang mati berbanding lurus. Berdasarkan peneltian ini dapat diketahui bahwa juvenil karang memiliki kecenderungan ditemukan lebih banyak pada tutupan karang mati dalam kondisi lingkungan yang optimum.   Kemujan Island is one of the largest islands in the Karimunjawa which has a varying density of coral reefs. The coral reef ecosystem has an important role however it is vulnerable to damage. The purpose of this study is to determine the decline of coral juvenile based on the depth difference, the compatibility of chemical, physical and biological factors that enhance the resilience of coral juvenile, and the correlation of coral juvenile with the coral covers and the organic material in the waters of Kemujan Island. The method used in this research is a descriptive analysis method. The method used in data collection is Line Intercept Transect (LIT) 50 meter .  The results from this study obtained that the highest abundance of juvenile corals was in the reef flat area of the west side from the waters of the Kemujan Island as many as 47 colonies while the lowest abundance was in the reef slope area of the eastern side as many as 7 colonies. The physical, chemical, and biological water parameters in the study were still in the optimum range. The condition of live coral cover on the west side of Kemujan Island waters ranged from 46.60% to 53.62% while on the east side it ranged from 44.10% to 71.38%. The abundance of juveniles coral with live coral cover, coral fragments, and organic matter showed inversed pattern relationship whereas with dead coral cover was directly proportional. Based on this study it can be known that corals juvenile have a tendency to be found more at dead coral in optimum environmental conditions.

scholarly journals An evaluation of photo line-intercept transect (PLIT) method for coral reef monitoring

2010 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryota NAKAJIMA ◽  
Asami NAKAYAMA ◽  
Teruaki YOSHIDA ◽  
Mohd Rajuddin Mohd KUSHAIRI ◽  
Bin Haji Ross OTHMAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Line Intercept ◽  
Reef Monitoring

scholarly journals ‘YELLOW SYNDROME’ IN SCLERACTINIAN CORALS THROUGHOUT BINTAN DISTRICT, KEPULAUAN RIAU PROVINCE, INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 37
Author(s):  
Ofri Johan ◽  
Agus Budianto
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Disease ◽  
Causal Agent ◽  
Yellow Band ◽  
Porites Lutea ◽  
Disease Surveys ◽  
Yellow Band Disease ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Line Intercept ◽  
Pathogenic Microbe

Coral disease surveys were conducted in Bintan, Kepulauan Riau Province. The purpose was to identify the abundance of corals showing signs of Yellow Syndrome (YS) disease and to describe similar pathological signs to that of AYBD throughout Bintan District. Three belt transects (2 m x 50 m in size) were set up to determine the abundance of coral reef attacked by YS disease. Line intercept transects were used to determine the percentage of live corals in the surveyed areas. The survey showed that the YS disease syndrome attacked 8 different genera i.e. Acropora, Montipora, Porites, Pavona, Turbinaria, Favia, Platygyra, and Favites. The highest attack happened at Mapur Island (0.06 kol/m2) on Porites lutea, Turbinaria peltata, T. mesenterina, Acropora bruggemanni, and Pavona frondifera. The survey also indicated that there may have been at least two types of YS i.e. the first type caused by a boring and/or over-growing sponge species and the second type caused by a kind of pathogenic microbe. Regardless the causal agent of YS, the severity of YS attack on coral urged immediate action to be undertaken and should include initial microscopic and histology examinations. Based on this initial microscopic and histology examinations it was found out that YS bears a close resemblance to the Arabian Yellow Band Disease. This study, however, argued that the word “disease” may have been incorrectly used without identifying a specific causal agent.

scholarly journals KONDISI LINGKUNGAN DAN TERUMBU KARANG DI DAERAH PERLINDUNGAN LAUT PULAU PRAMUKA, KEPULAUAN SERIBU

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Andri Warsa ◽  
Baiq Ida Purnawati
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystem ◽  
Fishing Activity ◽  
Coastal Resource ◽  
Line Intercept ◽  
Reef Ecosystem

Kawasan Kepulauan Seribu merupakan bagian dari wilayah Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, terletak pada posisi geografis antara 106°25’-106°40’ BT dan 05°24’-05°45’ LS. Daerah perlindungan laut adalah daerah yang ditutup secara permanen di mana semua kegiatan penangkapan ikan dan kegiatan lain dilarang. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kondisi lingkungan di daerah tersebut pada bulan April dan Juli 2007. Pengamatan kondisi ekosistem terumbu karang dilakukan dengan metode transek garis (line intercept transect) sepanjang 50 m sejajar garis pantai dan pengamatan kondisi oseanografi lima stasiun pengamatan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kondisi oseanografi di daerah perlindungan laut Pulau Pramuka layak untuk kehidupan biota laut dengan konsentrasi oksigenterlarut berkisar antara 2,55-4,19 mg/L, salinitas berkisar antara 32-32,5o/oo, kecerahan berkisar antara 2-10 m, dan derajat keasaman (pH) berkisar antara 7,85-7,99. Kondisi kesehatan karang adalah sedang dan baik dengan persentase tutupan karang berkisar antara 30-75%. Seribu Islands region located at 106°25’-106°40’ E and 05°24’-05°45’ S which is a part of Jakarta Province. Marine protected area is a closed site permanently where extractive activity is prohibited, mainly fishing activity and the aim of this program is to conserve coastal resource. The aim of this research was to know environmental condition of Pramuka Island marine protected area at Seribu Islands. The research was done at marine protected area of Pramuka Island in April and July 2007. Monitoring of coral reef ecosystem was done with line intercept transect method along 50 m parallel with shore line and oceanography condition at 5 stations. The result of this research shown that oceanography condition at marine protected area of Pramuka Island was suitable for marine biota life with dissolved oxygen between 2.55-4.19 mg/L, salinity between 32-32.5o/oo, transparency between 2- 10 m, and pH between 7.5-7.99. Coral reef healthy condition is medium and good with percent covered between 30-75%.

scholarly journals STATUS TERUMBU KARANG DI PERAIRAN PESISIR NEGERI HUKURILA

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45
Author(s):  
Dicky Sahetapy ◽  
Laura Siahainenia ◽  
Debby A J Selanno ◽  
Johannes M S Tetelepta ◽  
Novianty C Tuhumury
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Coral Species ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Ecological Index ◽  
Stony Coral ◽  
The Status ◽  
Coral Communities ◽  
Line Intercept

Coral reef is one of the important coastal ecosystems that have high biodiversity. This study aims to analyze the composition of the taxa and the distribution of coral species, the ecological index of coral communities and the status of coral reefs. The research was conducted from April-May 2019 in the coastal waters of Hukurila Village, South Leitimur District, Ambon City. Collecting coral data by using the Line Intercept Transect (LIT) method. Determination of coral reef condition based on percent data (value) of coral reef cover. During the study, 116 species of stony coral from 49 genera and 16 families were found, which 50 species of them are protected and 23 species of ornamental coral. The similarity index of stony coral species between coral reef locations ranges from 0.52-0.76 or there is the similarity of stony coral species between locations coral reef in the amount of 52-76%. The coral reefs of Hukurila Village have high diversity of coral species, with a low dominance of coral species in the community, and the compatibility of coral species in the community is classified as stable. Acropora corals contributed a low covering percent value (9.98%), while Non-Acropora corals contributed a relatively high percent of covering value (43.56%). The status of coral reefs between locations in the coastal waters of Hukurila Village is in the criteria of good (healthy).   ABSTRAK Terumbu karang merupakan salah satu ekosistem pesisir penting yang emiliki kenanekaragaman hayati tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis komposisi taksa dan sebaran spesies karang, indeks ekologi kominitas karang dan status terumbu karang. Penelitian dilakukan dari April-Mei 2019 di perairan pesisir Negeri Hukurila Kecamatan Leitimur Selatan Kota Ambon. Pengumpulan data karang menggunakan metode Line Intercept Transect (LIT). Penentuan kondisi terumbu karang berdasarkan data (nilai) persen penutupan karang batu. Selama penelitian ditemukan 116 spesies karang batu dari 49 genera dan 16 famili, dimana 50 spesies diantaranya dilindungi dan 23 spesies karang hias. Indeks similaritas spesies karang batu antar stasiun terumbu karang berkisar antara 0,52-0,76 atau terdapat kesamaan spesies karang batu antar lokasi terumbu karang sebesar 52-76%. Terumbu karang Negeri Hukurila memiliki diversitas spesies karang tinggi, dengan dominansi spesies karang rendah dalam komunitas, dan keserasian spesies karang dalam komunitas tergolong stabil. Karang Acropora memberi kontribusi nilai persen penutupan rendah (9,98%), sementara karang Non-Acropora memberi kontribusi nilai persen penutupan karang batu relatif tinggi (43,56%). Status terumbu karang antar stasiun terumbu perairan pesisir Negeri Hukurila berada dalam kriteria baik (sehat).   Kata kunci: terumbu, karang batu, keragaman spesies, kesamaan, persen penutupan

scholarly journals Pair formation, home range, and spatial variation in density, size and social status in blotched foxfaceSiganus unimaculatuson an Okinawan coral reef

PeerJ ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. e1280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Nanami
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
Home Range ◽  
Spatial Variation ◽  
Reef Flat ◽  
Pair Formation ◽  
Size Class ◽  
Reef Slope ◽  
Rocky Reef ◽  
Seagrass Bed ◽  
Agonistic Display

The present study examined pair formation, spatial pattern of home range and spatial variation in density, size and social status of blotched foxfaceSiganus unimaculatus(family Siganidae) on an Okinawan coral reef. Of 32 pairs sampled for sexing, 31 (96.9%) were heterosexual and showed size-assortative pairing. Developed ovaries were found in April and July, whereas oocytes were immature in August, September and February. Heterosexual pairing was found in both reproductive and non-reproductive periods. Home range size tended to be positively related to fork length (FL). The degree of home range overlap for same size class pairs was smaller than that for different size class pairs. The intraspecific behavior when two pairs approached each other was categorized as ‘attack,’ ‘agonistic display’ and ‘no interactions,’ and the frequency of agonistic behaviors (“attack” or “agonistic display”) was significantly greater than “no interactions.” Underwater observations at a seagrass bed, a rocky reef flat and a sheltered reef slope revealed that the mean FL was significantly smaller at the sheltered reef slope (4–13 cm) than at the rocky reef flat (>13 cm). No individuals were found in the seagrass bed. Most individuals less than 6 cm FL were solitary, whereas most individuals over 7 cm FL were paired. Density was significantly greater on the sheltered reef slope than on the rocky reef flat.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document