scholarly journals URGENSI PENATAAN HUKUM KERUANGANGKASAAN DALAM KERANGKA KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL NEGARA BERKEMBANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Agus Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Activities

The presence of  the space industry which sends to be dominated by private companies in developed countries has encouraged the need for developing country national legal framework thar are accomodative to regulate commercial space activities. On the other hand there are developing countries that have space activities and have national legal instruments, on the other there are developing countries that have just started space activities but do not have national legal instrument. Therefore, the arrangement of international and national legal instrument that regulate the interest of developing countries is urgent. In addition, this study show that existing legal transformation is not successful considering the transformation is not less attention to the full interest of the parties concerned.

scholarly journals Stroke in Young in India

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manjari Tripathi ◽  
Deepti Vibha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Special Significance ◽  
Stroke In Young

Stroke in young has special significance in developing countries. This is so because some etiologies like cardioembolic infections are more common than in developed countries, and the affection of economically productive group adds further to the overall disease burden. The paper discusses the burden of stroke in young and its implications in a developing country like India along with an approach to identifying different causes that are known to occur in this age group.

scholarly journals Why is inflation targeting adopted?

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 56
Author(s):  
Yutaka Kurihara
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Inflation Targeting ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Central Bank Credibility

Since the early 1990s, inflation targeting (IT) has been conducted in many countries and the number of the countries has been increasing rapidly. The outcomes of adopting IT has been discussed, however, the incentives of adopting IT is not fully examined. This study focuses on this issue empirically. The results are clearly divided into two types of countries. In developed countries, budget/GDP ratio, central bank credibility, exchange rate stability, and openness of the economy are deterministic elements of adopting IT, however interestingly, inflation itself does not play any roles of adopting IT. On the other hand, only inflation is the deterministic element of adopting IT in developing countries. Other elements, that are deterministic elements in developed countries, do not any effects on introducing IT. Moreover, countries would not like to limit the scope of policies when the economy’s openness is high.

scholarly journals Segmentation, Classification, and Determinants of In-Store Shopping Activity and Travel Behaviour in the Digitalisation Era: The Context of a Developing Country

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tri Joewono ◽  
Ari Tarigan ◽  
Muhamad Rizki
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Travel Behaviour ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Shopping Travel

The influence of digital technologies in the current era has substantially affected the way individuals engage with in-store shopping activities and travels. To prepare a transport policy with sustainable orientations, it is important to investigate factors that determine in-store activity-travel patterns. In particular, knowledge about how in-store activities and travels interact with other forms of activities and travels should be updated, since the use of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) may be substantial to create new patterns of activity and travel. It is believed that shopping travel and activity behaviours may indicate the increase or decrease of physical travels, which is crucial for carbon emission measures in transportation sector. While numerous studies about this issue have been recently carried out based on the context of developed countries, little is known for the context of developing countries. To offer a better understanding of the nature of in-store shopping travels and activities in the digitalisation era, a household survey was conducted in Bandung, Indonesia. This survey tends to acquire data from respondents as a representation of developing countries on their shopping behaviour, travel characteristics, and spatial attributes that represent the conditions of their built environment. The results from the survey show that individuals in a developing country are still having interest in in-store grocery shopping even though their daily life has a close connection with digital life. The results of the analysis show that grocery shoppers in a developing country simultaneously consider shopping activity, other activities, modes of transport, and shopping expenses. This manifests in the form of trip-chaining activities and affects decisions on the modes of transport used. The results indicate a significant portion of trip frequency for in-store shopping travel with motorised modes. Since motorised modes are the main contribution for carbon emission production in transportation sector, the results of this study are critical for developing transport demand measures and setting relevant policy schemes to improve the sustainability of transportation system, especially for the context of developing countries.

scholarly journals Investment in Space Resources: Property Rights to Natural Resources Extracted in Space and the Position of Iraqi legal system

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Arez Mohammed Sediq Othman
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Outer Space ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Space Technology ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Private Corporations ◽  
Space Activities

In the second half of the last century, the space activities have increased paralleled with the rapid development in space technology. The greed of giant corporations has exceeded the universe and tried to reach resources outside Earth. Exploring other planets is not something new, while racing to reach the resources outside earth by private space exploration companies as human’s off earth destiny is quite recent. Many nations have plan to reach the moon by 2020 including the United States who has plan to establish a permanent base on moon by 2024. The ambition to reach outer space is not just for the scientific purposes, but rather to exploit resources form space. As long as space is a common sphere among all the nations, there are many treaties signed and ratified to lay down broad rules and principle to organize the area. Mining celestial materials is one of the issues that does not have a legal framework as private companies are eagerly trying to mine materials which are not existed on earth such as Helium three or any other bodies that are scarce on earth. Until now, the international community has not been successful in establishing a solid legal system to regulate outer space activities. Besides, there are attempts by some countries to have particular legislation allowing private companies to extract natural resources. However, technological, economic and military powers of countries are the major factors in exercising the activities outside our planet due to the special nature of such activities. This paper argues that despite the difficulties of having a consensus over a legal framework, there are many other issues that need to be taken into consideration. Further, the perspective of the Iraqi legal system is also examined with regard to the possibility of adopting particular law on outer space activities. It also argues that although the lack of advanced technological skills might avoid countries reaching outer space, it will not prevent states from adopting specific legislation to regulate private corporations’ attempt to explore in this field.        

scholarly journals Kemanusiaan Vs Kapitalisme di Era Pandemi Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID19): Ekslusifitas Paten Vs Lisensi Wajib

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheylla Fatizah
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
World Community ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Biopharmaceutical Company ◽  
The World ◽  
Beijing China

Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) began to spread to various parts of the world since December 2019, which was first discovered in Wuhan, China. Of course this has brought great disaster to 216 countries in the world, because no country is immune to this virus and the epidemic has spread to various continents and attacked many aspects of the world community. Distressing conditions like this require the state to play a stronger role by providing better service protection. In addition, conditions like this raise big questions about how countries in the world deal with this. In the midst of the COcVID-19 pandemic, many scientists are racing to quickly find an effective vaccine to fight this virus. An example of one that succeeded is the discovery of Sinovac or called CoronaVac, where this vaccine is the result of research from Sinovac Biotech Co. which is a biopharmaceutical company focused on research, development, manufacture and commercialization of vaccines, and the company is based in Beijing, China. Seeing the COVID-19 pandemic that is increasingly paying attention, especially in developing countries, many countries are pressing for the temporary waiver of COVID-19 vaccine patents during this crisis. The reason is none other than so that production can be accelerated so that it is expected to be able to handle the COVID-19 pandemic. Of course this raises a polemic between developed countries and developing countries where there are two different interests, one country protects its investors and the other one protects its people. From this we can see that COVID-19 leaves a lot of room for its own problems.

scholarly journals Philosophical Arguments for Increased Aid to Developing Countries

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Scott Morris
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
The World ◽  
World Poverty ◽  
Practical Implications

The wealth disparity between developed and developing countries has resulted in widespread poverty and frequent support of terrorism in the developing world. However, developed countries have given only tenths of a percent of their respective gross national products recently to close this wealth gap. A better understanding of this situation requires a philosophical inquiry into the moral and practical implications of providing increased aid to developing countries. First, the author argues there is a moral obligation for people in developing countries to increase developing country aid. Second, the author argues that this increase in developing country aid will decrease the cumulative presence of world poverty and will improve the world economy. To emphasize these benefits, the author employs deontological and contemporary analysis techniques in the context of five potential objections to reinforce the need for increased developing country aid.

Industrialization and Trade Policies in the 1970s

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Trade Policy ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
The Development Strategy

In the chapter, Haq again assuming the role of an advocate of the developing world, spells out various trade policy options for less developed countries—inward looking strategy, outward looking strategy, and regional and sub-regional co-operation. Haq raises questions about the presumed relationship between trade and development and clarifies that trade should not be regarded as the pacesetter in the development strategy for a country but merely as a derivative. Trade strategies, according to Haq, should be embedded in the context of an overall development strategy, not the other way around. He urged developing countries to first define a viable strategy for attacking problems of poverty and inequality and then figuring out trade possibilities geared towards meeting these goals.

E-Waste, Chemical Toxicity, and Legislation in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Short Product ◽  
Technical Solutions

In present digital age, we constantly upgrade or replace our numerous electronic devices due to continuous technological advances and short product life cycles. With increasing “market penetration” in developing countries, “replacement market” in developed countries, and “high obsolescence rate,” a large pile of e-waste is generated either internally or it is generated in developed countries and often ends up for recycling in developing countries. The current practices of e-waste management and poor awareness in India is posing a huge challenge to the environment regulators, governments, and policy makers as much work needs to be done at ground level to achieve sustainable results This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of India's current e-waste scenario, analyzes hazardous metals and considers environmental and health risks posed by them, understands existing legal framework and strategic interventions, and explores immediate technical solutions to manage and minimize its impact on all.

Technology Leapfrogging for Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 3707-3713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle W.L. Fong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
Technological Opportunities ◽  
Ict Revolution ◽  
Realistic Goal

Developing countries are generally latecomers to the ICT revolution, but if they can emulate industrialized countries in their adoption of ICTs, they will be afforded the same technological opportunities. Successful exploitation of such opportunities by developing countries can significantly narrow the economic gap between them and developed countries as they catch up in economic development. In ICT’s advancement trajectory, the opportunities offered by a newly emerged ICT tend to be superior to those of prior versions of technology. If a developing country leapfrogged to a newly emerged ICT, it would then be exposed to unprecedented potential in alleviating poverty and securing economic growth, as well as the possibility of surpassing developed and industrialized countries in economic development. Thus, technology leapfrogging is an attractive notion to developing countries, but is it a realistic goal?

Mobile Phones, Developing Countries and Learning

2011 ◽  
pp. 120-137
Author(s):  
Elba del Carmen Valderrama Bahamóndez ◽  
Albrecht Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Internet Access ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
The World ◽  
Educational Applications

The Internet and computers are accessible to only half of the population in the world. For the other half, computers and the Internet are almost alien concepts. This half has no medium for gathering information, and they are computer illiterate. In addition, it is well-known, that the use of computers and the Internet, directly and indirectly, enhance the learning process. Therefore, students from under privileged areas of developing regions of the world are, clearly, at a disadvantage compared to their peers in developed countries. However, mobile phones could change this situation. In developing countries, mobile phones are far more accessible than computers or Internet access. This high accessibility together with the multiple functionalities of mobile phones, allow for the potential to build feasible educational applications that enhance the learning experiences of students in developing countries. Such opportunities enable the students’ experiences to be made proportionate to the other half of the world, with a real mechanism for gathering information.

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