E-Waste, Chemical Toxicity, and Legislation in India

2019 ◽  
pp. 144-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Short Product ◽  
Technical Solutions

In present digital age, we constantly upgrade or replace our numerous electronic devices due to continuous technological advances and short product life cycles. With increasing “market penetration” in developing countries, “replacement market” in developed countries, and “high obsolescence rate,” a large pile of e-waste is generated either internally or it is generated in developed countries and often ends up for recycling in developing countries. The current practices of e-waste management and poor awareness in India is posing a huge challenge to the environment regulators, governments, and policy makers as much work needs to be done at ground level to achieve sustainable results This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of India's current e-waste scenario, analyzes hazardous metals and considers environmental and health risks posed by them, understands existing legal framework and strategic interventions, and explores immediate technical solutions to manage and minimize its impact on all.

E-Waste, Chemical Toxicity, and Legislation in India

2018 ◽  
pp. 3066-3076 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Chemical Toxicity ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Short Product

In present digital age, we constantly upgrade or replace our numerous electronic devices due to continuous technological advances, and short product life-cycles. With increasing “market penetration” in developing countries, “replacement market” in developed countries, and “high obsolescence rate”, a large pile of e-waste is generated either internally or it is generated in developed countries and often ends up for recycling in developing countries. The current practices of e-waste management and poor awareness in India is posing a huge challenge to the environment regulators, governments, and policy makers as much work needs to be done at ground level to achieve sustainable results This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of India's current e-waste scenario, analyze hazardous metals and consider environmental and health risks posed by them, understand existing legal framework and strategic interventions, and immediate technical solution to manage and minimize its impact on all.

scholarly journals URGENSI PENATAAN HUKUM KERUANGANGKASAAN DALAM KERANGKA KEPENTINGAN NASIONAL NEGARA BERKEMBANG

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Agus Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Companies ◽  
Commercial Space ◽  
Legal Instrument ◽  
Space Industry ◽  
Space Activities

The presence of  the space industry which sends to be dominated by private companies in developed countries has encouraged the need for developing country national legal framework thar are accomodative to regulate commercial space activities. On the other hand there are developing countries that have space activities and have national legal instruments, on the other there are developing countries that have just started space activities but do not have national legal instrument. Therefore, the arrangement of international and national legal instrument that regulate the interest of developing countries is urgent. In addition, this study show that existing legal transformation is not successful considering the transformation is not less attention to the full interest of the parties concerned.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence, Globalization, and Strategies for Economic Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-53
Author(s):  
Anton Korinek ◽  
Joseph Stiglitz
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Winner Takes All

Progress in artificial intelligence and related forms of automation technologies threatens to reverse the gains that developing countries and emerging markets have experienced from integrating into the world economy over the past half century, aggravating poverty and inequality. The new technologies have the tendency to be labor-saving, resource-saving, and to give rise to winner-takes-all dynamics that advantage developed countries. We analyze the economic forces behind these developments and describe economic policies that would mitigate the adverse effects on developing and emerging economies while leveraging the potential gains from technological advances. We also describe reforms to our global system of economic governance that would share the benefits of AI more widely with developing countries.

The Transfer of Vaccine Technology to Developing Countries: The Latin American Experience

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Homma ◽  
Robert F. Knouss
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances

AbstractTechnological advances by developed countries are producing safer, more potent vaccines. In addition, the transfer of the technology of vaccine production to some developing countries has been taking place during the past five decades, thereby making possible the participation of developing countries in the production and supply of the essential biologicals that are required for immunization programs. Examples of successful transfers of technology, the decisive elements and factors that contribute to the transfers, and the major obstacles to such transfers are presented.

scholarly journals Problems of sustainable development and challenges related to production

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-229
Author(s):  
Natalia Mazur ◽  
Dariusz Nowak ◽  
Vasyl Zalizko
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Operational Activities ◽  
Short Product ◽  
The One ◽  
Operational Activity ◽  
Technical Solutions

Due to the changes taking place in the environment of enterprises, many problems arise in their strategic and operational activities. The basis of the emerging problems is primarily the overproduction associated with short product life cycles. It contributes to the excessive use of various types of natural resources, often in a predatory manner. On the one hand, such an approach increases waste, and on the other, contributes to the destructive degradation of the environment. The result is a lack of food and water in some countries, climate change and related extreme weather phenomena, as well as various types of disasters, such as pandemics, fires, floods, droughts, etc. Water, air and land pollution as well as global warming are reflected in deteriorating quality of life. Despite many threats, more and more enterprises perceive the danger and undertake various types of adaptive projects. It should also be emphasized that the environmental awareness of both micro-enterprises and large corporations is growing. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the reader to the basic problems that companies may encounter in their operations activity. First, changes in the environment are discussed, with particular emphasis on the depletion of natural resources, pollution of a destructive nature, as well as waste and its causes. The next part deals with the topic of globalization, pointing to both positive and negative aspects. Technical progress and related aspects such as new technologies, new processes and materials are discussed in the next part. In this part, particular attention is paid to improving productivity, thanks to the implementation of new technical solutions. Technical progress is directly related to the innovations presented in the next section. This section describes the types of innovation according to various criteria as well as factors that are conducive to increments in the level of innovation in the enterprise. The last part is devoted to the most important factor in operational activity—human esources. Competences, qualifications and the importance of human resources in the production process were discussed.

scholarly journals Term Paper on The Nature of Cyber Crime and Cyber Threats: A Criminological Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Ashraful Mozid ◽  
Nelufer Yesmen
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Cyber Threats ◽  
Border Conflicts ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Cybercrime is one of the fastest-growing criminal activities in contemporary age. The first recorded cybercrime happened in France in the year 1820. It was not as sophisticated as cybercrime we know in our world today, but, still, that was a crime. Cybercrime has evolved globally as the online platform is progressing. While progress is made in the battle against cybercrime there still remains a wide gap in the consistency of laws across international borders. The main objectives of this study are to explore the nature of cybercrime in developing countries, find out the cyber threats for terrorist activities and explain cybercrime and threats from criminological aspects. This is a descriptive study which is based on secondary data. This study is based on previous researches & studies. this paper discusses the nature of cybercrime in developing countries. It could allow developed countries to understand better the national and international effects of that cyber threats, to determine the conditions of current regional and international agreements, and to help countries create a sound legal framework. And then we notice the impact of cyber threats all over the world. At last, we discuss cybercrime from criminological point of view. Cybercrime is not limited to two neighboring countries and cross-border conflicts; an attempt could be conducted from another world. It is fearful to see cyber wars as the easiest way to carry out sabotaging rather than wars such as cold war, chemical and biological wars, terrorist wars or jihadist attacks. The international legal framework aims by the International Criminal Court to keep offenders accountable for their actions. The government has by far the biggest burden and obstacle in raising knowledge of cybercrime among the people.

scholarly journals Everyday adaptability in Ghanaian hospital laboratories

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lichtenstein
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Resource Availability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Ashanti Region ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Adequate Care ◽  
Universal Health

Developed countries that enact laboratory standards and universal health policies have the luxury of numerous resources and technological advances to ensure an efficient diagnosis. In rural and urban Ghana, resource availability fluctuates depending on allocated funds, location, and tools; yet, technicians in these hospital laboratories successfully treat their patients by modifying their care and protocols to fit the environment in which they work. This essay offers a porthole into the day-to-day lives of lab staff in urban and rural hospitals in the Ashanti region of Ghana. It describes the tools and procedures used by technicians to work effectively with limited resources. By identifying these daily operations, we can better appreciate the work of clinicians and technicians in developing countries and the diligence that is required to provide adequate care to their patients.

Criteria for Global Nuclear Energy Development

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Nuclear Energy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nuclear Material ◽  
Institutional Issues ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
New Generation

Global energy consumption will at least double over the next fifty years due to population growth, increased consumption, and an urgent need to improve the standard of living in under-developed countries. Thirty percent of this growth will be for electricity. At the same time, carbon emissions must be significantly reduced to respond to concerns regarding global warming. The use of nuclear energy to meet this growing electricity demand without carbon emissions is an obvious solution to many observers, however real concerns over economics, safety, waste and proliferation must be adequately addressed. The issue is further complicated by the fact that developing countries, which have the most pressing need for additional electricity generation, have the least capability and infrastructure to deploy nuclear energy. Nevertheless, if the specific needs of developing countries are appropriately considered now as new generation reactors are being developed, and institutional arrangements based upon the fundamental principles of President Eisenhower’s 1953 Atoms For Peace speech are followed, nuclear energy could be deployed in any country. From a technical perspective, reactor safety and accessibility of special nuclear material are primary concerns. Institutionally, plant and fuel ownership and waste management issues must be addressed. International safety and safeguards authority are prerequisites. While the IAEA’s IMPRO program and the United States’ Generation IV programs are focusing on technical solutions, institutional issues, particularly with regard to deployment in developing countries, are not receiving corresponding attention. Full-service, cradle-to-grave, nuclear electricity companies that retain custody and responsibility for the plant and materials, including waste, are one possible solution. Small modular reactors such as the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor could be ideal for such an arrangement. While waste disposal remains a major obstacle, this is already true for numerous nuclear programs even in developed countries with limited geologically suitable formations. Fortunately, several organizations are currently pursuing international solutions to the nuclear waste disposal problem. While the capability to deploy nuclear energy in a specific country may not be desirable for a number of reasons, we should not develop nuclear hardware that can only benefit and serve technically and economically advanced countries. The potential benefits of nuclear energy are global, and we should not unduly limit that potential by inattention today to the requirements necessary for global deployment.

Implementation of the international legal framework regarding climate change in developing countries; A review of Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana’s environmental provisions governing climate change

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 189-209
Author(s):  
Odunayo O. Olashore
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Mitigation And Adaptation ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
India And China

This article examines climate change mitigation and adaptation efforts of three developing countries in different parts of Africa who face a broad range of issues stemming from climate change Nigeria, Kenya, and Botswana. While much attention has been focused on the responsibilities and concerns of developed countries as well as the advanced developing countries such as India and China, not so much is known about the rest of the world. All nations are suffering from the effects of climate change; do these African countries also feel the urgency? If they do, what mitigation and adaptation laws have they incorporated in their legal regimes? The article concludes that while these African countries recognise the damaging effects of climate change, which is evident by their ratification of the international treaties regarding the issue, their priorities are focused elsewhere. It is therefore submitted that these countries, regardless of their economic status, must be seen to be actively involved in the mitigation and adaptation of climate change by contributing something commensurate with their development through their domestic legislation.

The effectiveness of the international anti-corruption legal framework in the context and practice of Colombia

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 437-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Perez Torres
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
International Law ◽  
Public Procurement ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose This study aims to investigate the impact of the enforcement of the international anti-bribery legal framework in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach It uses the PetroTiger case to examine the effects of foreign bribery prosecutions in Colombia, from a bribe-receivers perspective. PetroTiger is a USA-based company that was prosecuted for bribing public officials in Colombia. As a result, the public officials involved were also prosecuted in Colombia for receiving bribes. This case serves to illustrate how international anti-bribery law operates in practice and how it impacts Colombian law enforcement institutions and their capacity to prosecute bribe-receivers. The Colombian response to the international anti-corruption framework is examined in this study through the review of legislative efforts taken to address the problems of bribery and corruption in public procurement. Findings This study finds that enforcement of foreign bribery laws raise awareness of the situation of corruption in developing countries, generate parallel prosecutions of individuals at the receiving end of bribes and helps developing countries to develop technical expertise to fight corruption. Practical implications In practice, due to the transnational nature of foreign bribery, without international agreements, this type of corruption in international business would seldom lead to prosecution. Although the effectiveness of the enforcement of international anti-corruption law is debated, in reality, prosecutions of foreign bribery by developed countries have more positive than negative implications for developing countries. Social implications Assist to continue efforts to deter corruption. Originality/value No many studies have looked at the effectiveness of anti-corruption international law in developing countries. As indicated by Mr. Moulette Patrick head of Anti-Corruption Division at organisation for economic co-operation and development more research on the effectiveness of the UN enacted Convention against Corruption, which is what this paper does.

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