scholarly journals Macro and microscopic evaluation of Gmelina arborea Roxb. – A botanical pharmacognostic approach for quality control of raw drug material

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-60
Author(s):  
R M Vignesh ◽  
V R Sumitha
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Gmelina Arborea ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Powder Analysis ◽  
Stomatal Number ◽  
Powdered Drug

Gmelina arborea Roxb. of family Verbenaceae, is one of the highly valued medicinal plant used in numerous traditional medical formulations. It belongs to the ‘Dasamoola’ group of ayurvedic medicinal plants and hence widely exploited. Pharmacognostic techniques involving macroscopic, microscopic and also dry powder analysis serve as botanical methods which help in the correct identification of the crude drug. Leaf constants such as stomatal number, stomatal index, vein islet number, vein termination number also have been determined. Better quality control practices in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries demand the correct identification of the dried plants or powdered drug thereby detects and prevents the adulterations, if any. The challenge ahead of this investigation is to validate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of the plant following standard methodology.

scholarly journals Absolute optical chiral analysis using cavity-enhanced polarimetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lykourgos Bougas ◽  
joseph byron ◽  
Dmitry Budker ◽  
Jonathan Williams
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Enantiomeric Excess ◽  
Chiral Analysis ◽  
In Situ Observation ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Gaseous Mixtures ◽  
Counterfeit Goods ◽  
Chiral Compounds ◽  
Online Quality Control ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Chiral analysis is central for scientific advancement in the fields of chemistry, biology, and medicine. It is also indispensable in the development and quality control of chiral compounds in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries. Current methods for chiral analysis, namely optical polarimetry, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, are either insensitive, have low time resolution, or require preparation steps, and so are unsuited for monitoring chiral dynamics within complex environments: the current need of both research and industry. Here we present the concept of absolute optical chiral analysis, as enabled by cavity-enhanced polarimetry, which allows for accurate unambiguous enantiomeric characterization and enantiomeric-excess determination of chiral compounds within complex mixtures at trace levels, without the need for calibration, even in the gas phase. The utility of this approach is demonstrated by post chromatographic analysis of complex gaseous mixtures, the rapid quality control of perfume mixtures containing chiral volatile compounds, and the online in-situ observation of chiral volatile emissions from a plant under stress. Our approach and technology offer a step change in chiral compound determination, enabling online quality control of complex chemical mixtures, identification of counterfeit goods, detection of pests on plants, and assessment of chiral emission processes from climate relevant ecosystems.

scholarly journals The Use of SEM and Light Microscopy for the Characterization of Hypericum foliosum Aerial Part as a Medicinal Plant

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (S3) ◽  
pp. 107-108
Author(s):  
R. Serrano ◽  
P. Ferreira ◽  
E.T. Gomes ◽  
O. Silva
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Plant Material ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Herbal Drug

The first step in quality control of herbal drugs is ensuring the correct identification of the plant intended for use. The required analytical procedures (macroscopic characterization of the entire or fragmentized material, microscopic characterization after pulverization of the plant material and chemical characterization), are usually described on quality monographs reported in authoritarian texts such as the European 6th Pharmacopoeia. Further information related to the name of the each herbal drug, the herbal drug definition, purity tests and assay are also provided.

Fast Determination of Active Components in Fructus Corni by Near Infrared Spectroscopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 807-809 ◽  
pp. 2054-2058
Author(s):  
Hai Yan Gong ◽  
Ya Nan Hu ◽  
Cai Xia Xie ◽  
Yong Xia Cui ◽  
Yan Bai
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Calibration Model ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Near Infrared Reflectance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

Today, near-infrared (NIR) has been proved to be a powerful analytical tool. It has been applied widely in agricultural, petrochemical, textile and pharmaceutical industries. In this paper, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with partical least square (PLS) was used as a qualitative tool to rapidly determinate two active components in Fructus Corni. The PLS calibration model of NIR Spectroscopy, the correlation coefficients (R2) of Loganin and Morroniside were 0.95895 and 0.98450, the root-mean-square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), the Correction of deviation, the prediction mean square error was 0.0344,0.109;0.0625, 0.2641 and 0.0948, 0.233. The result shows that, the near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy could be used to determinate the content of Loganin and Morroniside, and meanwhile as a simple and rapid new method for the quality assessment of Fructus Corni. In addition, the NIRS has a unique advantage in the quality control of traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), such as rapid, accurate, nondestructive and no pollution. It is expected to be further uses in the quality control of TCM. It is can achieve the requirement of rapid detection of large quantities of Fructus Corni.

scholarly journals Recent Development of Quality Control Methods for Herbal Derived Drug Preparations

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunawan Indrayanto
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Chemical Marker ◽  
Chemical Profiling ◽  
Chemical Content ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries ◽  
Microbial Toxins

Pharmaceutical industries should apply rigorous QC (quality control) to ensure the consistency, safety, and efficacy of their herbal derived drug-preparations. QC must be performed at every stage of the production line i.e. incoming raw materials, extractions, in-process control, finished products and keeping samples. Due to the complex nature of the chemical content of herbal drugs, two approaches to QC should be taken, that is quantitative determination of the selected marker(s) compound(s), and metabolite profiling. Contamination of herbal medicines by heavy metals, pesticides, toxic metabolites, microbial toxins, pathogenic microorganisms and other foreign matter should also be evaluated. A combination of chemical profiling and multivariate analysis (MVA) is recommended as the QC tool for the botanical identification method (BIM) of herbs, extracts, herb materials, and herbal drug preparations. Microscopic methods, DNA profiling or chemical marker(s) are not recommended for use as the sole BIM due to the lack of specificity. Only markers that meet certain criteria i.e. quality active (QA) markers can be utilized as a QC tool. The limit specification range of markers used as QC tools should be described in the analytical target profile (ATP). To gain reliable results of any analysis that has been performed at any QC laboratory, the analysis method must be validated according to the newest guidance. Sample detection limit of any toxic compound(s) should be lower than its cut-off value and MPL. The reliability of any results of analysis of a QC laboratory must be evaluated by using QC-samples for each series of measurements.

scholarly journals Leaf Epidermal Micromorphology of Portulaca L. Species Found in Vadodara, Gujarat, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Srivastava ◽  
Aruna Girish Joshi ◽  
Vinay Madhukar Raole
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Epidermal Cells ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Stomatal Frequency ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean

Micromorphology of three species of Portulaca was carried out with the help of light microscopy to determine variations within the species which would aid in correct identification of the plants. Epidermal cells are polygonal with sinuous anticlinal walls in all the three species. Length of epidermal cells of P. grandiflora Hook. is higher than P. oleracea Linn. and P. quadrifida Linn. The leaves of P. quadrifida are epistomatic while the remaining species are amphistomatic with paracytic stomata in all the three species. Mean stomatal index and stomatal frequency are more in P. quadrifida while the mean size of stomata (both length and width) is larger in P. grandiflora for both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Based on the diagnostic features, an artificial indented key is prepared.

Application of GC/Q-ToF Combined with Advanced Data Mining and Chemometric Tools in the Characterization and Quality Control of Bay Leaves

Planta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 84 (14) ◽  
pp. 1045-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Wang ◽  
Vijayasankar Raman ◽  
Jianping Zhao ◽  
Bharathi Avula ◽  
Yan-Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Compound Identification ◽  
Class Prediction ◽  
Automatic Feature Extraction ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Stepwise Reduction

AbstractCorrect identification of the true bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) and its substitutes is important not only for the quality control of the products, but also for the safety of the consumers. L. nobilis is often substituted or confused with other species, such as Cinnamomum tamala, Pimenta racemosa, Syzygium polyanthum, and Umbellularia californica. In the present study, the potential of gas chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the profiling of various bay leaf products was evaluated for the first time. Thirty-nine authenticated samples representing the true bay leaf and the four commonly substituted species were analyzed. An automatic feature extraction algorithm was applied for data mining and pretreatment in order to identify the most characteristic compounds representing different bay leaf groups. This set of data was employed to construct a sample class prediction model based on stepwise reduction of data dimensionality followed by principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis. The statistical model, with demonstrated excellent accuracies in recognition and prediction abilities, enabled the correct classification of commercial samples including complex mixtures and essential oils. In addition, in-house developed personal compound database and library with retention time locking offered the advantage of combining retention time matching with accurate mass matching, resulting in high confidence of compound identification for each bay leaf subgroup. At least three marker compounds were identified for each bay leaf species that could be used to discriminate among them.

scholarly journals Pharmaceutical Industry in Uganda: A Review of the Common GMP Non-conformances during Regulatory Inspections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasser Lubowa ◽  
Zita Ekeocha ◽  
Stephen Robert Byrn ◽  
Kari L Clase
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Parameter Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Substandard Medicines ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industries

The prevalence of substandard medicines in Africa is high but not well documented. Low and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs) are likely to face considerable challenges with substandard medications. Africa faces inadequate drug regulatory practices, and in general, compliance with Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) in most of the pharmaceutical industries is lacking. The majority of pharmaceutical manufacturers in developing countries are often overwhelmed by the GMP requirements and therefore are unable to operate in line with internationally acceptable standards. Non-conformances observed during regulatory inspections provide the status of the compliance to GMP requirements. The study aimed to identify the GMP non-conformances during regulatory inspections and gaps in the production of pharmaceuticals locally manufactured in Uganda by review of the available 50 GMP reports of 21 local pharmaceutical companies in Uganda from 2016. The binary logistic generalized estimating equations (GEE) model was applied to estimate the association between odds of a company failing to comply with the GMP requirements and non-conformances under each GMP inspection parameter. Analysis using dummy estimation to linear regression included determination of the relationship that existed between the selected variables (GMP inspection parameters) and the production capacity of the local pharmaceutical industry. Oral liquids, external liquid preparations, powders, creams, and ointments were the main categories of products manufactured locally. The results indicated that 86% of the non-conformances were major, 11% were minor, and 3% critical. The majority of the non-conformances were related to production (30.1%), documentation (24.5%), and quality control (17.6%). Regression results indicated that for every non-conformance under premises, equipment, and utilities, there was a 7-fold likelihood of the manufacturer failing to comply with the GMP standards (aOR=6.81, P=0.001). The results showed that major non-conformances were significantly higher in industries of small scale (B=6.77, P=0.02) and medium scale (B=8.40, P=0.04), as compared to those of large scale. This study highlights the failures in quality assurance systems and stagnated GMP improvements in these industries that need to be addressed by the manufacturers with support from the regulator. The addition of risk assessment to critical production and quality control operations and establishment of appropriate corrective and preventive actions as part of quality management systems are required to ensure that quality pharmaceuticals are manufactured locally.

scholarly journals Phytopharmacognostic Evaluation of the Leaves OF Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae)

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Romanus A. Umoh ◽  
Uwemedimo F. Umoh ◽  
Imoh I. Johnny ◽  
Omodot T. Umoh ◽  
Victor U. Anah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Calcium Oxalate Crystals ◽  
Abaxial Surface ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Root Stock ◽  
Leaf Powder ◽  
Stomatal Number

Background: Gnetum africanum Welw (Gnetaceae) also called African salad and Afang in Ibibio language is an evergreen, perennial, shade-tolerant vine with woody stems which can climb up to 12m or more from a tuberous root-stock. It has culinary and medicinal importance. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate pharmacognostic parameters of Gnetum africanum. Methods: The leaves were identified, collected, air-dried, pulverized, weighed and subjected to the evaluation of its microscopy, micromeritics, chemomicroscopy, fluorescence, soluble extractive values, moisture content and ash values using standard procedures. Results: The results obtained from microscopy revealed that the leaf has brachyparacytic, stomata, 3-5 armed and stellate trichromes on the abaxial surface. The epidermal cell wall pattern was undulate on the abaxial surface and sinuous on the adaxial surface. Stomatal number was found to be 3.1 ± 0.25 on the abaxial surface and Stomatal index was found to be 16.8% on the abaxial surface. The micromeritics analysis of the leaf powder revealed passable flow with the angle of repose of 420. The result of chemomicroscopy of the leaf revealed the presence of mucilage, lignin, calcium oxalate crystals, starch and oil. For water-soluble extractive value, the result was 13.25%w/w, methanol-soluble extractive value 4.25%w/w, ethanol-soluble extractive value 4%w/w, moisture content 10.5%w/w, total ash value was 5%w/w, acid-insoluble ash value 1%w/w, water-soluble ash value 2%w/w and sulfated- ash value 6% w/w. Conclusion: The results obtained from the pharmacognostic study provides information for the identity, quality and purity of Gnetum africanum.

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L

2021 ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
R. Anitha ◽  
S. Kanimozhi
Keyword(s):  
Histochemical Study ◽  
Plant Biotechnology ◽  
Fluorescence Analysis ◽  
Ocimum Basilicum ◽  
Plant Biology ◽  
Stomatal Index ◽  
Lower Epidermis ◽  
Organoleptic Evaluation ◽  
Anomocytic Stomata ◽  
Powder Analysis

Aim: Standardization of Ocimum basilicum through pharmacognosy. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology, Ethiraj College for Women, Chennai “Between” Dec 2014-April 15. Methodology: Organoleptic evaluation was carried out based on sensory characters. A free hand anatomical section of the stem was observed. Powder analysis, maceration, Phytochemical test and Fluorescence analysis were conducted according to standard protocol. Results: The organoleptic characters of the dried leaves of Ocimum basilicum were green, aromatic, pungent and brittle in texture with  anomocytic stomata with stomatal index 71.87% in the lower epidermis. A prominent bundle sheath in the leaf was evident. The macerated stem showed annular xylem vessels. The aqueous extract showed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, and glycosides. Alkaloids and lignins were evident in the histochemical study. Conclusion: Pharmacognostic evaluation of Ocimum basilicum would help in identification, detection of adulterants and development of a monograph.

scholarly journals WOOD ANATOMY OF SEVEN SPECIES KNOWN AS "PAU-PARA-TUDO" IN BRAZIL

CERNE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claúdia Luizon Dias Leme
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Vessel Elements ◽  
Ray Cells ◽  
Drimys Brasiliensis ◽  
Perforation Plates

ABSTRACT Different medicinal plant species can be sold under the same common name. Considering the importance of the correct identification, this study aims to separate, using wood anatomy, seven species popularly known as pau-para-tudo. The results show that Drimys brasiliensis is separated from the others by the presence of tracheids. Capsicodendron dinisii hhas scalariform perforation plates and oil cells associated with the axial parenchyma. Axial parenchyma paratracheal vasicentric and in marginal bands beyond the rays' width, can separate Osteophoeum platyspermum from Simaba cedron. Handroanthus serratifolius has the unique presence of the axial unilateral paratracheal parenchyma and storied cell elements (parenchyma, fibers and vessel elements). Rauvolfia sellowii and Leptolobium dasycarpum can be separated by the number of square/upright marginal ray cells, greater in Rauvolfia sellowii. Thus, this work shows that wood anatomy is a valuable tool for species separation, helps with the identification and consequently is important for the quality control of plant product.

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