scholarly journals Upbringing of girls as reflected in the activities and views of Blessed Marcelina Darowska

2018 ◽  
pp. 101-115
Author(s):  
Marcelina Knop
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Educational Activities ◽  
Blessed Virgin Mary ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Practical Education ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The article presents the life and educational activities of Blessed Marcelina Darowska, the cofounder of the Convent of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and her views on upbringing of young women. Mother Marcelina’s perception of education of girls in the 19th century seemed modern and beyond her time. In her opinion, there was a need of putting a stop to producing “parlour dolls” and provide young women with practical education. For the betterment of the country, she set up schools in Jazłowiec, Jarosław, Niżniów and Nowy Sącz. The girls attending the schools were brought up according to the system developed by Marcelina Darowska, based on religious and patriotic values. The Convent of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed VirginMary continues the work commenced by its founder; over time Mother  Marcelina’s message remains valid and serves the subsequent generations of young Polish girls.

scholarly journals About the first half of the 19th c. painter Roza Parczewska: some fragments of biography and works

Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Klietkutė
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Oil Paintings ◽  
Blessed Virgin Mary ◽  
The Family ◽  
Charity Work ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article reviews the biography and works of the painter Roza Parczewska. The life of the painter presented in the publication was picked up crumb by crumb from various sources of the 21st century. However, these are only small light flashes in the surface layers of the history, which passed into silence. Her life is worth a much more detailed historical research, or maybe even a pen of the novelist. Roza Parczewska (15 September 1799 – 20 October 1852, Raudondvaris Manor of Nemenčinė) was born in the family of colonel Ignacy and Salomea Dziewońska Parczewska. The painter devoted her life to the family, charity work and painting. At the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th century, a number of people of the manor made attempts in the fine arts, although they did not have appropriate education. It is not known where and when Parczewska studied painting. However, it is likely that she was acquainted with it during her general education. She painted miniatures early in her life. Later she moved to the large-scale oil paintings of religious motives in churches. Parczewska participated actively in the artistic life. She was the first woman in Lithuania who participated with her own works in exhibitions. Her miniatures painted on ivory received an extremely high recognition. The painter created in the spirit of that time and was employed to make copies of popular miniatures of that time. She painted very thoroughly, perfectly repeating the original images. Therefore, her works were especially popular and wide-spread in Lithuanian manors. Alexander Parczewski recorded eight miniatures and fifteen paintings painted by his sister. However, a complete creative heritage of the painter is unknown. It is obvious that her brother Alexander mentioned not all of her works. A part of her paintings were lost in church fires (for example, in 1842 and 1947 all her paintings were lost in the fire of Nemenčinė church). The religious painting of Parczewska was inspired by the tendencies and traditions characteristic of this field of art. The painter brilliantly and thoroughly copied the works of the well-known painters. For example, in 1831 R. Parczewska created a painting of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the Kretinga Franciscan Church according to the painting by Szymon Czechowicz from the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary Parish Church in Węgrów (Poland). Another painting of R. Parczewska created in 1837 according to the same work by S. Czechowicz is kept at the altar of Our Lady in Grodno Cathedral (Belarus). R. Parczewska as an amateur painter reached very satisfactory results. She was one of the first women painters who participated in the exhibitions where her works gained praise words. However, the modern art critics estimate her ability of painting as average. Nevertheless, the preserved paintings are considered to be an interesting and valuable example of the specific phenomenon of amateur painter’s creation of the 19th century in Lithuania.

scholarly journals Prace Konstantego Wojciechowskiego przy katedrze we Włocławku a koncepcja „stylu wiślano‑bałtyckiego”

Porta Aurea ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 294-310
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Stefański
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Blessed Virgin Mary ◽  
Northern Poland ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church ◽  
National Style ◽  
Assumption Of The Virgin

The Włocławek Cathedral dedicated to the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary is one of the most important Gothic churches in the lowlands of northern Poland. However, overshadowed by the Cathedrals in Poznań and Gniezno, it is considered a building that is more modest in scale and less artistically valuable. An important issue related to the history of the church is its restoration that was carried out in the last two decades o the 19th century, initially according to the plans of Tadeusz Stryjeński from Cracow and then led by the Warsaw architect Konstanty Wojciechowski (1841–1910). Wojciechowski re-Gothycized the building, giving it a ‘cathedral’ form featuring a magnificent façade with two high towers. These works coincided with the growing popularity of the idea of the ‘Vistula-Baltic Gothic’ as the Polish national style in church construction. The Warsaw architect used the forms of the cathedral he rebuilt to develop his own vision of the church in the ‘Vistula-Baltic style’, competitive to the solutions used by Józef Dziekoński. The incarnation of this vision was the church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary in Łódź, followed by a series of smaller buildings erected in villages and in small towns within the Russian partition, in which the architect repeated his pattern on a smaller or larger scale. The culmination of Wojciechowski’s creative path was the Church of the Holy Family in Częstochowa (the current Cathedral), built from 1901.

scholarly journals Activities of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in coordination of the Russian Balkan policy (first half of the 19th century)

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-60
Author(s):  
Elena P. Kudryavtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Balkan Region ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study is devoted to the activities of the Asian Department of the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs that served as a curator of the Russia-Balkans relations in the first half of the 19th century. The Asian Department (set up in 1819) was in charge of the diplomatic, economic, cultural and church relations of Russia with the countries of the «East», and, above all, with the Ottoman Empire. Relations with the Orthodox Balkan nations - Serbs, Bulgarians and Montenegrins – remained traditionally close. This department supervised the policies related to the Balkan region, developed instructions for Russian envoys in Constantinople and Athens, stored consular reports from all over the Balkan region, and, as a result, elaborated approach of the Russian government in relations with Turkey.

scholarly journals Supraglacial debris-transport variability over time: examples from Switzerland and Iceland

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.B. Whalley ◽  
C.F. Palmer ◽  
S.J. Hamilton ◽  
D. Kitchen
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Little Ice Age ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
Debris Transport ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Glacier Ice ◽  
Rock Glaciers ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

The volume of debris in the left-lateral, Little Ice Age (LIA:AD1550–1850) moraine of the Feegletscher, Valais, Switzerland was compared with the actual volume being transported currently by the glacier. The latter is smaller by a factor of about two. In Tröllaskagi, north Iceland, a surface cover of debris on top of a very slow moving glacier ice mass (glacier noir, rock glacier) has been dated by lichenometry. The age of the oldest part is commensurate with LIA moraines in the area. Knowing the volume of debris of a given age allows an estimate of the debris supply to the glacier in a given time. Again, there appears to have been a significant reduction in debris to the glacier since the turn of the 19th century. Debris input in the early LIA seems to have been particularly copious and this may be important in the formation of some glacier depositional forms such as rock glaciers.

scholarly journals EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. vii-xii ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Spolsky
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
No Child Left Behind ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Service ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Examination System ◽  
Similar System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century

From the beginning, public tests and examinations were instruments of policy. The Imperial Chinese examination was created to permit the emperor to replace the patronage system by which powerful lords were choosing their own candidates to be mandarins. The Jesuit schools in 17th-century France introduced a weekly testing system to allow central control of classroom teaching. In 19th-century England, Thomas Macaulay argued for employing the Chinese principle in selecting cadets for the Indian Civil Service; a similar system was later used for the British Civil Service. A primary school examination system was set up in England at the end of the 19th century to serve the same purpose of achieving quality control and accountability in public schools as was proposed for the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) that is being bitterly disputed in 21st-century United States. Chauncey's primary goal after World War II in developing the Scholastic Achievement Test for admission to elite U.S. universities was to replace the children of the wealthy establishment with highly qualified students who would see their role as contributing to public service.

Northern Italian Confraternities and the Immaculate Conception in the Fourteenth Century

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 599-619
Author(s):  
BARBARA SELLA
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Lay Participation ◽  
Blessed Virgin Mary ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Lay Piety ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Theological Understanding

The early fourteenth century marks one of the most significant periods in the development of the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception. Not only did this period witness a profound transformation in the theological understanding of the older feast of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, but it also brought about the active engagement of the laity in its celebration. In northern Italy the first lay confraternities dedicated to celebrating the feast of the Conception were founded in the 1320s and 1330s under the direction of the Franciscans, then the greatest advocates of the immaculist cause. This coincidence between the theological definition of Mary's conception, lay participation in the feast's celebration, and Franciscan sponsorship of confraternities raises interesting questions about the nature of lay piety and the role of lay associations in disseminating religious beliefs.The question of when certain religious beliefs and their theological formulations become known and understood by the majority of the faithful is complex, particularly in the case of the Immaculate Conception. No explicit mention of Mary's sinless conception exists in Scripture or in apostolic teaching. Belief in the Immaculate Conception emerged only gradually, through centuries of reflection and disputation, and was not proclaimed a dogma of faith until 1854. This gradual unfolding of the doctrine has meant that identifying the shift from a general reverence for Mary's conception to an explicit belief in the sinlessness of her conception has proved difficult. A second difficulty is that for centuries the qualifier ‘immaculate’ was not attached to the name of the feast. During the Middle Ages the feast was referred to simply as the ‘Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary’ The mere observance of the feast, therefore, tells us little about what the faithful actually believed.

Europe in the making of Japanese values

1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tessa Morris-Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Japanese Culture ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Moral Principles ◽  
The Third ◽  
Florence Nightingale ◽  
Meiji Restoration ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

With the Meiji Restoration the first steps were taken in the third quarter of the 19th century to set up a national system of education in Japan. European educational theories were influential. Samuel Smiles became a reference for moral principles and Western heroes from Socrates to Florence Nightingale were exemplars. The articles explores the complex relationship of Western ideas with indigenous Japanese culture.

Excavations at Oinoanda 1997: the new Epicurean texts

1998 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 125-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ferguson Smith
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
British Institute ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Source Of Information

Oinoanda's most famous and, many would say, most precious possession is the massive Greek inscription, which, probably in the first half of the second century AD, was set up by a citizen named Diogenes, who must have been both wealthy and influential. ‘Having reached the sunset of life’, he used the wall of a stoa to advertise the moral benefits of Epicurean philosophy not only to his fellow-citizens, but also to foreign visitors, and not only to his contemporaries, but also to future generations. In fulfilment of his philanthropic mission he expounded Epicurus' teachings on physics, epistemology, and ethics in writings which may have occupied 260m2 of wall-space and contained 25,000 words. The work, as well as being remarkable as an epigraphic colossus, is a valuable source of information about one of the most important philosophies in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.Eighty-eight fragments of Diogenes' inscription were found by French and Austrian epigraphists between 1884 and 1895. I took up the search in 1968–73, discovering 38 new fragments and rediscovering most of the 19th-century finds. My work led on to the topographical and epigraphical survey, sponsored by the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (BIAA) and directed by the late Alan S Hall in 1974–75–76–77–81–83 — a survey which not only revealed more of Diogenes' work, but also yielded other epigraphical finds and, thanks above all to the work of James J. Coulton, significantly increased our knowledge of Oinoanda's history and buildings.

The Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary: A Thought-Experiment in Medieval Philosophical Theology

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marilyn McCord Adams
Keyword(s):  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Thought Experiment ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
Philosophical Theology ◽  
Human Race ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Blessed Virgin Mary ◽  
Immaculate Conception ◽  
Pius Ix

On 8 December 1854, Pius IX issued Ineffabilis Deus, in which he dogmatized the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The bull reads, For the honor of the Holy and Undivided Trinity, for the glory and ornament of the Virgin Godbearer, for the exaltation of the catholic faith and the growth of the Christian religion, by the authority of Our Lord Jesus Christ, of the blessed apostles Peter and Paul, and by our own, we declare, pronounce, and define the doctrine which holds that the Most Blessed Virgin Mary at the first instant of her conception was by a singular grace and privilege of Almighty God, in consideration of the merits of Christ Jesus, the Savior of the human race, preserved immune from every stain of original guilt; that this was revealed by God and therefore is firmly and constantly to be believed by all of the faithful.1

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