scholarly journals Liberalizm czy interwencjonizm? Recepta na kryzys

2018 ◽  
pp. 145-160
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kacperska
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Business Fluctuations ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Range Of Functions ◽  
The Right

The uneven nature of market economy development is particularly visible in the historical perspective. The paper underlines the most important theoretical aspects related to business cycles, the reasons for the emergence of crises, and the practical symptoms of the cyclical development of economies. It also briefly analyzes more significant business fluctuations (crises), their reasons, nature and consequences, as well as the changing responses of the state to such crises. Market imbalance is a result of the continuous game of supply and demand, prices and numerous other factors that determine the growth of national product. The analysis of cyclical fluctuations in business over the period of the last century shows that they are unavoidable, that a period of growth is always followed by that of a fall, and that the pace and size of the former frequently determine the depth of the latter. The paper attempts to evidence that each wave results either from appropriate activity or a limitation of activity of the governments concerned. Liberalism or interventionism? What is the right prescription for a crisis? This question can be answered when we review previous crises and the ways of solving them under concrete economic, historical and social conditions. It appears that at a time when states perform an extensive range of functions for their citizens, it is unavoidable to apply some form of interventionism in a majority of situations. Whereas liberal doctrine and practice decidedly prevail on an everyday basis, in exceptional moments, such as economic crises, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or other events that threaten the feeling of security, society allows for, or actually demands that the governments take appropriate measures. It expects that the state will offer assistance, and if it is not the state, then maybe some other organization. An economy is a living organism and – as in the case of humans – it has to care for itself to prevent illness, as prevention is always better and easier than cure. Another question arises, though – who is supposed to care for an economy and how?

Protecting Vulnerable Languages

2019 ◽  
pp. 147-170
Author(s):  
Alan Patten
Keyword(s):  
Collective Action ◽  
The State ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Collective Action Problem ◽  
Collective Action Problems ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
The Right

This chapter explores an important but understudied argument in favor of protections for vulnerable languages. The argument observes that speakers of such languages can face a collective action problem. The question is what interventions by the state to correct such a problem would be consistent with, or even required by, a broadly liberal and egalitarian conception of justice. The chapter identifies two principles that are relevant to answering this question: the unanimity principle, which places strict limits on interventions, and the principle of correction, which licenses a more extensive range of interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages. The principles are in tension with one another but derive from a common source in liberal egalitarian thought. Overall, the right approach is to forge a compromise between the two principles, thus allowing for some interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages to protect against collective action problems.

The Circulation of Value in Civil Society and the State

Hegel's Value ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 222-275
Author(s):  
Dean Moyar
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The State ◽  
Executive Power ◽  
System P ◽  
Full Structure ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

This chapter utilizes the structure of life and valid inference to analyze the internal structure of Civil Society and the State as well as the relationship between the two institutional spheres. The chapter unpacks the passage from the Logic in which Hegel describes the State as a totality of inferences with the three terms of individuals, their needs, and the government. It is shown that the “system of needs” itself forms a quasi-living institutional system of estates centered on the division of labor. This system’s inadequacy motivates the role of the “police” and corporation as ethical agencies, forms of the Good, within Civil Society. While the move to the State overcomes the individualism of “needs,” the right of the individual remains in the dynamics of “settling one’s own account” in receiving from the State a return on one’s duty to the State. Hegel treats the State proper as a constitution consisting of three powers of government that form a totality of inferential relations that has the full structure of a living organism. The executive power is examined in detail as the particularizing element in the system.

scholarly journals EVOLUTION OF THE PRODUCTION AND PRICE OF FOREST BIOMASS FOR ENERGY

FLORESTA ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 011
Author(s):  
Thiago Manoel Sozinho ◽  
David Alexandre Buratto ◽  
Anadalvo Juazeiro Dos Santos ◽  
João Carlos Garzel Leodoro da Silva ◽  
José Roberto Frega
Keyword(s):  
Energy Production ◽  
Demand Curve ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
The State ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Native Forests ◽  
Demand Curves ◽  
The Right ◽  
Biomass For Energy

This study aimed to analyze the evolution of the production and price of biomass from native and planted forests of the state of Paraná (Brazil), between 1998 and 2015, based on the behavior of the prices of the products, according to variations of their supply or demand. The annual rates for growth of the price and quantity produced were calculated and related to the displacements of the supply and demand curves of the products. The results indicated a decrease in the quantity and an increase in the biomass price for native forests, which caused a shift in the supply curve to the left. For the biomass of planted forests, the demand curve shifted to the right due to the demand increase of this product for energy production. The behavior of both curves indicated a substitution of the biomass from native forests to biomass from planted forests due to factors related to the increase of environmental protection regarding the native forests located in the state of Paraná

scholarly journals Circulation of Selenium in the Environment

2022 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcin Różewicz ◽  
Beata Bartosiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Small Area ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Living Organism ◽  
The State ◽  
Parent Rock ◽  
Uneven Distribution ◽  
Human System ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In order to function properly, every living organism must have favourable conditions for its operation, i.e. it must be systematically supplied with the necessary nutrients. On the example of selenium (Se), it can be seen how important is the right balance between providing the right amount of it, without exceeding the level above which it is toxic. The amount of Se in soil is closely correlated with its content in the parent rock; therefore, it differs depending on the soil type and may change even in a small area. Considerable dispersion of the element in the soils of Poland is related to their formation, mainly from dump materials of various glaciations. The problem of maintaining the balance between deficiency and excess of Se in the diet of humans and animals is related primarily to the uneven distribution of this element in nature. In this paper, on the basis of scientific literature, the current issues related to the deficiency and excess of Se in the soil and its possible sources are presented. The relationship between the content in the soil and the supply of Se in plants, animals and humans was also shown. The aim of this study was to summarise the state of knowledge on the complexity of Se occurrence in the environment and its importance in the soil-plant-animals-human system.

Cycles

1998 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Rostow
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Business Cycles ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
Business Fluctuations ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
History Of

The reason for tracing in this chapter the history of cycles, as a prelude to speculating about the future, lies in two features of cyclical history: the fact that this history includes the global depression of the 1930s that helped trigger World War II and the fact that a number of economists have underlined the role of population increase, stagnation, or decline in determining the length and amplitude of depressions and of cycles themselves. Cycles viewed historically, then, are not irrelevant to the issues of the next century. Trend periods, treated in Chapter 4, have a rhythm that runs through a series of business cycles. Trend periods affect the price level, interest rates, terms of trade, capital movements, and direction of migration. Business cycles, unlike trend periods, consist of fluctuations in employment and output. The length and intensity of businesscycle upswings —and the extent of overshooting they yield —are partially determined by the time lags involved in the particular leading sectors of the boom. The shortness of the inventory cycle—about three years — is related to the simple fact that inventories have a short life. Unlike a factory, a road, or a house, they are used up rather promptly in the production process. Inventory overshooting, therefore, tends to be capable of correction fairly soon. Housing stands at the other extreme. Houses last a generation, and their replacement (relative to inventories) is more postponable. Against this brief background, the character and timing of businesscycle patterns are examined in four periods: the 18th century, 1783— 1914, the interwar years, and post-1945. Then the cyclical problem as now foreseen for 1996-2050 will be discussed. Britain is the only country where business fluctuations in the 18th century have been examined in a reasonably systematic, if still exploratory, way. Moreover, Britain gained primacy in the course of the 18th century and remained at the heart of global cyclical fluctuations through about 1914. T. S. Ashton's chronology of turning points in British business fluctuations of the 18th century is given in Table 5.1.

Compensation for Victims of Terrorist Actions: Israel as a Case Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-592
Author(s):  
Ruth Levush
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Sovereign Immunity ◽  
Rehabilitation Treatment ◽  
State Compensation ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Of Israel

The State of Israel has been subjected to numerous terrorist attacks since its establishment in 1948. The issue of rehabilitation, treatment, and compensation of victims of terrorism has been extensively regulated by its law. Special state funds for compensation of victims of terrorism have been established. This brief will describe the management and distribution of state funds to such victims. In addition, the right of victims to collect damages from those responsible for terrorist attacks will be analyzed. Specifically, this brief will explore whether victims of terrorism in Israel, as a precondition for filing for state compensation, are required to waive their rights to sue those responsible for the attack, and whether the State is entitled to reimbursement for money paid to victims. In addition, the right of Israeli victims of terrorism to sue knowing or unknowing tortfeasors and to sue terrorist states or quasi states will be analyzed. Special attention will be made to the application of the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity to states and bodies responsible for terrorist actions.

scholarly journals Regional business cycles in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (146) ◽  
pp. 441-454
Author(s):  
Joanna SPYCHAŁA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycles ◽  
Business Cycle ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Business Fluctuations ◽  
Business Cycle Fluctuations ◽  
Industry Research ◽  
Course Of Action ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
Polish Economy

Purpose: The main goal of the considerations presented hereinbelow is a presentation of the course of action as well as an analysis of crucial features of cyclical fluctuations differentiated as entities in the Polish economy as well as in all provinces in the period of the first quarter of 2005 until the second quarter of 2019 based on the rate of the sold production of industry. Design/methodology/approach: A share of the respective regions in the structure of the sold production of industry was assessed. Finally, an attempt of assessing the rate of convergence in terms of morphology of a national chain with time chains of the respective regions was undertaken. In the thesis, a hypothesis is being stated that the most synchronised with the cycle of Poland are regions having the biggest share in the sold production of industry. Methodological bases of the research process as well as an empirical assessment of the regional business cycles in Poland were preceded by theoretical analyses concerning the notion, the core as well as the morphological features of the regional business fluctuations. Findings: Making an assessment of the progression of business cycle fluctuations of the economy of Poland as a whole as well as business cycle fluctuations of Polish provinces in the period between the first quarter 2005 and the second quarter of 2019, one may conclude the progression is not uniform. The variation depends to a large extent on the specificity of development of each region. Provinces which have a lower share in the national structure of the sold production of industry demonstrate higher sensitivity to economic shocks. The highest degree of compliance with the national cycle has been demonstrated in provinces with the highest rate of share in the structure of the sold production of industry. Research limitations/implications: The conducted research, as well as the obtained results might thus be a basis for taking up more extensive analyses in that field, comprising a discussion on the remaining morphological features of business cycles. Originality/value: Determining the course of cyclical fluctuations in Poland as well as in its respective provinces has been made.

Deterring or Mobilizing? The Influence of Government Partisanship and Force on the Frequency, Lethality and Suicide Attacks of Terror Events

2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Koch ◽  
Benjamin Tkach
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Partisan Politics ◽  
Suicide Attacks ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Right

AbstractThe ability of a government to prevent violence and threats against the state and its citizens depends on the government’s ability to deter enemies from engaging in such tactics. Because deterrence relies on both capabilities and credibility it is not clear that governments that emerge within the same state are similarly effective at deterring attacks. We examine whether partisan politics and the decision to use force against an enemy or those thought to be associated with an enemy—in our case terrorists—affects successful deterrence. We test our expectations using data from the Israeli-Palestine conflict between the years 1979 and 2003. The results suggest that governments of the right are more effective at using force to deter future terrorist attacks.

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL BASIS OF LAND RELATIONS REGULATION IN THE CONTEXT OF AUTHORITY DECENTRALIZATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olena Garazha
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The State ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
Scientific Practical ◽  
The Right

The article is devoted to the institutional basis of land relations regulation in the context of authority decentralization. The purpose of the article is development and substantiation of the institutional component of theoretical-methodological and scientific-practical bases of land relations regulation in the conditions of authority decentralization. The object of research was the legal processes of land relations regulation in the conditions of land market opening and increasing the role of territorial communities in land resources management. The importance of the regulatory base development for ensuring the functioning of the agricultural land market, which allows owners to alienate land shares (units) through electronic auctions, has been substantiated. The basic requirements for participants in land auctions for the land sale in the electronic trading system of state property in real time and the Internet have been considered in the article. The area and prices of sold land plots in distribution of agricultural land 12 July 2021 have been analyzed. The features of creation the complex plans of territory development of the united territorial community have been studied. The influence of the State Agrarian Register on the state aid receiving to agricultural producers has been considered. It has substantiated that one of the main tasks for today is to develop the mechanism for regulating the behavior of landowners, land users, government agencies, stakeholders and local governments; relations with the state and society on the involvement of land in a particular type of economic activity; acquisition of their status, capacity and profitability according to legal, economic and environmental norms on the basis of supply and demand in the land market. Thus, today completion of the administrative-territorial reform, the end result of which was the consolidation of administrative-territorial units at the initial levels of the hierarchical structure of the territorial division of the country, there was a transfer of authority to manage land resources to territorial communities. One of the key areas to regulation of land relations should be: an adoption of a number of new bills, which regulate the main issues of land relations in the context of authority decentralization; as well as further creation of the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Fund and development of the procedure for ensuring the right of employees of state agricultural enterprises, institutions, organizations to receive a land share (units).

Metodologi Pengeluaran Fatwa di Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-88
Author(s):  
Mohd Faez Mohd Shah ◽  
Norhidayah Pauzi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The State ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Interview Methods ◽  
The Right

In the discipline of Islamic law research, strong proofing and clear Istinbat method are key pillars in the construction of Islamic law based on the application of the science of usul al-fiqh and maqasid al-shari'ah. However, what happens at the state of Johor’s fatwa institution is the opposite. The fatwa research methods applied by the Fatwa Committee of Johor in resolving current fatwa issues is not based on the right and true discipline of Islamic law research. In fact, current inputs related to fatwa issues are not explicitly stated in the method of determining the law either in the form of reality or scientifically verified. Therefore, this paper will discuss the fatwa procedures undertaken by the Fatwa Committee of Johor based on the methods applied in resolving current issues. The research methodology adopted is library and interview methods. This study shows that fatwa management and production in the state of Johor is placed under the jurisdiction of the Mufti of Johor’s Department. The methods adopted by the Fatwa Committee of Johor covers two methods, namely: internal research methods including literature review through the application of original source and proofs based on syarak. Second: field research method that includes an external review or going to the location of study such as conducting observation, questionnaires and interviews including referrals to specialists of different fields. Maslahah and mafsdah consideration are also implemented by the Fatwa Committee in every fatwa decision based on the standard that meets the interests of maqasid al-shari'ah. Keywords: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah ABSTRAK Dalam disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam, kekuatan pendalilan dan kaedah istinbat yang jelas merupakan tunggak utama dalam pembinaan hukum Islam berasaskan kepada aplikasi ilmu usul al-fiqh dan maqasid al-shari’ah. Namun begitu, apa yang berlaku di institusi fatwa negeri Johor adalah sebaliknya. Kaedah penyelidikan fatwa yang diaplikasi oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor dalam menyelesaikan isu fatwa semasa tidak berasaskan kepada disiplin penyelidikan hukum Islam yang tepat dan sebenar. Malahan input-input semasa yang berkaitan dengan isu fatwa juga tidak dinyatakan secara jelas dalam kaedah penentuan hukum sama ada dalam bentuk realiti yang berlaku atau pembuktian secara saintifik. Justeru, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan prosedur fatwa Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor berdasarkan metode-metode yang diaplikasi dalam menyelesaikan isu-isu yang bersifat semasa. Metodologi kajian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah melalui metode perpustakaan dan metode lapangan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengurusan dan pengeluaran fatwa di negeri Johor hanya terletak di bawah bidang kuasa Jabatan Mufti Johor. Metode fatwa yang diamalkan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Johor merangkumi dua metode iaitu pertama, kaedah penyelidikan dalaman yang merangkumi kajian kepustakaan menerusi pengaplikasian dari sumber asas dan dalil-dalil syarak. Kedua, kaedah penyelidikan lapangan yang meliputi kajian luaran atau turun ke lokasi kajian seperti observasi, soal selidik dan temubual dan rujukan kepada pakar dalam bidang yang berlainan. Pertimbangan maslahah dan mafsdah juga dimplementasikan oleh Jawatankuasa Fatwa dalam setiap keputusan fatwanya berasaskan standard yang menepati kepentingan maqasid al-shari’ah. Kata kunci: Metode, fatwa, istinbat, usul al-fiqh, maqasid al-shari’ah

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