Protecting Vulnerable Languages

Extensive Range ◽

The Right

This chapter explores an important but understudied argument in favor of protections for vulnerable languages. The argument observes that speakers of such languages can face a collective action problem. The question is what interventions by the state to correct such a problem would be consistent with, or even required by, a broadly liberal and egalitarian conception of justice. The chapter identifies two principles that are relevant to answering this question: the unanimity principle, which places strict limits on interventions, and the principle of correction, which licenses a more extensive range of interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages. The principles are in tension with one another but derive from a common source in liberal egalitarian thought. Overall, the right approach is to forge a compromise between the two principles, thus allowing for some interventions on behalf of vulnerable languages to protect against collective action problems.

7. Power and accountability in environmental law

Environmental Law: A Very Short Introduction ◽

10.1093/actrade/9780198794189.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 81-94

Author(s):

Elizabeth Fisher

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Judicial Review ◽

Review Process ◽

Environmental Law ◽

State Power ◽

The State ◽

Nation States ◽

Good Government ◽

Scientific Expertise

Nation states dominate environmental law because of the need for a comprehensive exercise of authority in response to a collective action problem within any particular jurisdiction. ‘Power and accountability in environmental law’ explains that what makes the exercise of state power legitimate is that it is employed in accordance with established principles of good government—principles nearly always embodied in law. However, behind many environmental debates and disagreements are disagreements about the power of the state. The different administrative institutions of environmental law are described as well as how scientific expertise is fundamental to environmental law. The judicial review process is also outlined.

Return to the Isle of Ted: Simulating the Collective Action Problem of Climate Change

Political Science and Politics ◽

10.1017/s1049096519002221 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 53 (3) ◽

pp. 547-555

Author(s):

Jocelyn Sage Mitchell

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Active Learning ◽

Collective Action ◽

Common Pool Resource ◽

Global Inequality ◽

Unequal Distribution ◽

Road Map ◽

The Commons

ABSTRACTThis article modifies the classic “Isle of Ted” simulation to teach students about the collective action problems associated with climate change. Modifications include the introduction of a common-pool resource (i.e., fish) and increased pirate attacks to model rising climate threats and unequal distribution of risk. A return to the Isle of Ted enables a deeper engagement with specific collective action problems of climate change, including the tragedy of the commons and issues of global inequality. This article provides a road map for the incorporation of this modified simulation into active-learning classrooms.

Social Conflict in Argentina (1989–2017): Democracy in Dispute

Latin American Perspectives ◽

10.1177/0094582x20924369 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 96-111

Author(s):

Leandro Gamallo

Keyword(s):

Social Movements ◽

Collective Action ◽

Social Movement ◽

Social Conflict ◽

The State ◽

Right Wing ◽

Social Conflicts ◽

The Right ◽

Movement Participation ◽

Multiple Actors

An analysis of the evolution of social conflicts in Argentina between 1989 and 2017 in terms of three aspects of collective action—the actors in contention, their main demands, and their chosen forms of struggle—reveals important changes since the country’s return to democracy. Collective action has extended to multiple actors, channeled weightier demands, and expanded its forms. With the emergence of progovernment and conservative social movements, it has become apparent that not all movement participation in the state implies weakness, subordination, or co-optation and that social movement action does not necessarily mean democratization or expansion of rights. The right-wing government of 2015 opened up a new field of confrontation in which old divisions and alliances are being reconfigured. Un análisis de la evolución de los conflictos sociales en Argentina entre 1989 y 2017 realizado a partir de tres grandes dimensiones de la acción colectiva (los actores contenciosos, las demandas principales que enuncian y las formas de lucha que emplean) revela cambios importantes. La acción colectiva se ha extendido a más actores, ha canalizado demandas más amplias y se ha expresado de maneras más heterogéneas. Con el surgimiento de movimientos sociales oficialistas y opositores de índole conservador, se ha hecho evidente que la participación de las organizaciones sociales en el estado no siempre significa debilidad, subordinación o cooptación por parte del estado y que la movilización social no necesariamente implica procesos de democratización o expansión de derechos. La llegada de una alianza de derecha en 2015 abrió un nuevo campo de confrontaciones que redefinió antiguas alianzas y divisiones.

On the preconditions for large-scale collective action

AMBIO ◽

10.1007/s13280-019-01284-w ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 49 (7) ◽

pp. 1282-1296 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Sverker C. Jagers ◽

Niklas Harring ◽

Åsa Löfgren ◽

Martin Sjöstedt ◽

Francisco Alpizar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Large Scale ◽

Local Level ◽

Resource Depletion ◽

Analytical Framework ◽

Third Party ◽

Future Research ◽

Theoretical Understanding ◽

Collective Action Problems

Abstract The phenomenon of collective action and the origin of collective action problems have been extensively and systematically studied in the social sciences. Yet, while we have substantial knowledge about the factors promoting collective action at the local level, we know far less about how these insights travel to large-scale collective action problems. Such problems, however, are at the heart of humanity’s most pressing challenges, including climate change, large-scale natural resource depletion, biodiversity loss, nuclear proliferation, antibiotic resistance due to overconsumption of antibiotics, and pollution. In this paper, we suggest an analytical framework that captures the theoretical understanding of preconditions for large-scale collective action. This analytical framework aims at supporting future empirical analyses of how to cope with and overcome larger-scale collective action problems. More specifically, we (i) define and describe the main characteristics of a large-scale collective action problem and (ii) explain why voluntary and, in particular, spontaneous large-scale collective action among individual actors becomes more improbable as the collective action problem becomes larger, thus demanding interventions by an external authority (a third party) for such action to be generated. Based on this, we (iii) outline an analytical framework that illustrates the connection between third-party interventions and large-scale collective action. We conclude by suggesting avenues for future research.

Liberalizm czy interwencjonizm? Recepta na kryzys

Przegląd Politologiczny ◽

10.14746/pp.2010.15.2.12 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 145-160

Author(s):

Magdalena Kacperska

Keyword(s):

Business Cycles ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Living Organism ◽

The State ◽

Terrorist Attacks ◽

Business Fluctuations ◽

Cyclical Fluctuations ◽

Extensive Range ◽

Range Of Functions ◽

The Right

The uneven nature of market economy development is particularly visible in the historical perspective. The paper underlines the most important theoretical aspects related to business cycles, the reasons for the emergence of crises, and the practical symptoms of the cyclical development of economies. It also briefly analyzes more significant business fluctuations (crises), their reasons, nature and consequences, as well as the changing responses of the state to such crises. Market imbalance is a result of the continuous game of supply and demand, prices and numerous other factors that determine the growth of national product. The analysis of cyclical fluctuations in business over the period of the last century shows that they are unavoidable, that a period of growth is always followed by that of a fall, and that the pace and size of the former frequently determine the depth of the latter. The paper attempts to evidence that each wave results either from appropriate activity or a limitation of activity of the governments concerned. Liberalism or interventionism? What is the right prescription for a crisis? This question can be answered when we review previous crises and the ways of solving them under concrete economic, historical and social conditions. It appears that at a time when states perform an extensive range of functions for their citizens, it is unavoidable to apply some form of interventionism in a majority of situations. Whereas liberal doctrine and practice decidedly prevail on an everyday basis, in exceptional moments, such as economic crises, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, or other events that threaten the feeling of security, society allows for, or actually demands that the governments take appropriate measures. It expects that the state will offer assistance, and if it is not the state, then maybe some other organization. An economy is a living organism and – as in the case of humans – it has to care for itself to prevent illness, as prevention is always better and easier than cure. Another question arises, though – who is supposed to care for an economy and how?

An open code pledge for the neuroscience community

10.31222/osf.io/vrwm7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Cooper Smout ◽

Dawn Liu Holford ◽

Kelly Garner ◽

ruddy manuel illanes beyuma ◽

Paula Andrea Martinez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Critical Mass ◽

General Purpose ◽

Research Community ◽

The Internet ◽

Evidence Based ◽

Community Project ◽

Neuroscience Community

Sharing of research code would greatly benefit neuroscience, but this practice is hampered by a collective action problem. Since the development of the internet, conditional pledge platforms (e.g., Kickstarter) have increasingly been used to solve globally-dispersed collective action problems (Hallam, 2016). However, this strategy has yet to be implemented within academia. In this brief paper, we introduce a general purpose conditional pledge platform for the research community: Project Free Our Knowledge. We highlight a new conditional pledge campaign that was initiated at Brainhack 2021 and aims to motivate a critical mass of neuroscientists to share their research code. Crucially, this commitment activates only when a user-defined threshold of support is reached. We conclude by sharing our vision for how the research community could use collective action campaigns to create a sustained, evidence-based movement for social change in academia.

International Real Estate Review

International Real Estate Review ◽

10.53383/100251 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 493-523

Author(s):

Fukuju Yamazaki ◽

◽

Taisuke Sadayuki: ◽

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Negative Impact ◽

The United States ◽

Decision Making Process ◽

Collective Decision Making ◽

Significant Cost ◽

Price Function ◽

Comparative Examination

Condominium reconstruction involves a difficult collective decision-making process among owners, which prevents older condominiums from being redeveloped efficiently. This paper aims to examine whether this type of collective action cost exists for Japanese condominiums. First, we discuss in the literature review and an empirical analysis that the number of units in a condominium complex is an appropriate proxy for the collective action problem. Then, by using the rent in the price function to control for housing characteristics, we show that the number of units has a negative impact on condominium price. Furthermore, the price function for condominiums is compared with that for single-owner rental apartments that are free from the collective action problem. The estimation results show that the number of units only negatively affects the price of condominiums and that the depreciation rate for the condominium price is greater than that for single-owner apartments. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that a significant cost is associated with collective action problems in condominium reconstruction. Lastly, we conduct a comparative examination of condominiums in Japan and the United States, and the result suggests that revising the current Japanese condominium law could induce more efficient redevelopment of old condominiums.

Rational choice and community power structures

Power, Luck and Freedom ◽

10.7228/manchester/9781526107282.003.0004 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Keith Dowding ◽

Patrick Dunleavy ◽

Desmond King ◽

Helen Margetts

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Rational Choice ◽

Power Structure ◽

Power Structures ◽

Community Power ◽

Community Power Structures

This chapter applies Dowding’s analysis of power to the community power debate. It demonstrates the importance of the collective action problem to our understanding of power in society, showing that both pluralists and their radical critics misinterpret power in society by ignoring collective action problems. It demonstrates the nature of luck and systematic luck in the power structure.

Moral Enhancement as a Collective Action Problem

Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement ◽

10.1017/s1358246118000292 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 83 ◽

pp. 59-85

Author(s):

Walter Glannon

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Moral Enhancement ◽

Practical Reasons ◽

Individual Freedom ◽

Collective Interest ◽

Moral Behaviour ◽

The Cost

AbstractIn light of the magnitude of interpersonal harm and the risk of greater harm in the future, Ingmar Persson and Julian Savulescu have argued for pharmacological enhancement of moral behaviour. I discuss moral bioenhancement as a set of collective action problems. Psychotropic drugs or other forms of neuromodulation designed to enhance moral sensitivity would have to produce the same or similar effects in the brains of a majority of people. Also, a significant number of healthy subjects would have to participate in clinical trials testing the safety and efficacy of these drugs, which may expose them to unreasonable risk. Even if the drugs were safe and effective, a majority of people would have to co-operate in a moral enhancement programme for such a project to succeed. This goal would be thwarted if enough people opted out and decided not to enhance. To avoid this scenario, Persson and Savulescu argue that moral enhancement should be compulsory rather than voluntary. But the collective interest in harm reduction through compulsory enhancement would come at the cost of a loss of individual freedom. In general, there are many theoretical and practical reasons for scepticism about the concept and goal of moral enhancement.

State capture and collective action

Journal of Regional Security ◽

10.5937/jrs0-34271 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 127-150

Author(s):

Andrea Capussela

Keyword(s):

Collective Action ◽

Public Interest ◽

Special Interests ◽

Fine Line ◽

The Public ◽

The Balkans ◽

State Capture ◽

Social Orders

A promising approach to analyse the phenomena usually described as 'state capture' may be drawn from the literature on 'institutions', 'social orders', and the 'collective action problem'. These studies seem broader and more theoretically persuasive than the literature that confines itself to the notion of 'state capture', and this is especially true in respect of the Balkans, in whose societies it is often hard to draw a fine line between the 'captured' state and its 'captors'. Seen through the lens of those strands of literature, the phenomena usually described as state capture appear to be more widespread than is currently assumed, as they also surface in advanced democracies, and behind them typically lie collective action problems, which prevent the public interest from imposing itself over special interests.