scholarly journals Funkcjonowanie zwrotów leżeć bykiem i leżeć martwym bykiem w polszczyźnie

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-227
Author(s):  
Jolanta Ignatowicz-Skowrońska
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Formal Similarity ◽  
Polish Language

The article discusses the motivation and the functioning of two phraseological units in the Polish language, namely leżeć bykiem (to idle lazily) and leżeć martwym bykiem (to be resting idly). Resulting from independent derivations, they appeared in the Polish language in the second half of the twentieth century. Due to formal similarity, though, they quickly developed relations which led to the transformations of their meaning and form.

scholarly journals Leksem drabant (Act 23,23) w Nowym Testamencie Biblii gdańskiej (1632) w przekładzie Daniela Mikołajewskiego

2020 ◽  
pp. 135-151
Author(s):  
Tomasz Lisowski ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Language

In a verse of Act 23,23 in Biblia gdańska (1632) translated by Daniel Mikołajewski, an equivalent of Greek lexeme δεξιόλαβος ‘probably a spearman or slinger’, the noun drabant is used, which is unique, compared to its counterpart – oszczepnik – in Biblia translated by JakubWujek (1599). It may have been borrowed from the Czech language in the second half of the 16th century. In the Polish language of the time it was not a very widespread lexeme, maybe of erudite nature. It appeared in the text of Biblia gdańska taken from the Czech Biblia kralicka. Among Protestants at that time, as a military term, it could have evoked associations with the religious Hussite Wars. The lexeme drabant survived in the biblical text of the Evangelist circles until the second half of the twentieth century. Given the fact that in that century it was already an archaic word, it was not used in new testament translations which followed the translational tradition of Biblia gdańska. And probably it became fixed in the consciousness of the faithful of Evangelist churches as a memorable reminder of the past. For centuries that lexeme, along with other lexemes characteristic of Biblia gdańska caused lexical distinctiveness of that Evangelist translation compared to the Catholic translation by Jakub Wujek.

Moral Panic and the Prostitute in Partitioned Poland: Middle-Class Respectability in Defense of the Modern Nation

Slavic Review ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-581 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keely Stauter-Halsted
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
News Media ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
Moral Panic ◽  
Venereal Disease ◽  
White Slavery ◽  
Dangerous Behavior ◽  
National Body ◽  
Polish Language

In the early twentieth century, police-regulated prostitution experienced a burst of attention from Polish-language news media. In this article, Keely Stauter-Halsted considers the extended moment of “moral panic” that unfolded when a series of public exposes revealed the scope and potential dangers of sex trafficking. Taking into account the ways “respectable” urban audiences absorbed revelations of illicit commercial transactions on city streets and increased “white slavery” activity beyond the Polish lands, Stauter-Halsted stresses the image of the prostitute as a threat to the embattled nation. The figure of the impoverished, morally compromised streetwalker encroaching on bourgeois social spaces and invading the bourgeois home challenged the sense of middle-class respectability so crucial to Polish national regeneration. By exposing innocent members of the community to sexually dangerous behavior, the prostitute came to represent decay, degeneration, and venereal disease attacking the national body, a conclusion used by social purity activists in their protoeugenics campaigns.

Who Is a Pole and Where Is Poland? Territory and Nation in the Rhetoric of Polish National Democracy before 1905

Slavic Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 639-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Porter
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Democratic Movement ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Baltic

At the turn of the twentieth century most Polish political activists dreamed of recreating the Polish state, although they disagreed about where the new Poland should be located and whom it should include. In the years before 1905 the National Democratic movement—the “Endecja,” as it was commonly called—envisioned an expansive Poland stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea, and from the Dnieper to the Oder. How could a movement which came to be known for its pragmatism and tactical flexibility espouse such an unrealistic, if not absurd, ambition? How could nationalists who insisted upon cultural unity desire a nation which would include millions who neither spoke the Polish language nor considered themselves to be Poles? This article will argue that these questions can be illuminated by examining the Endecja's definition of that enigmatic Polish term, naród (nation).

scholarly journals Dlaczego samochód? Z dziejów polskiego słownictwa motoryzacyjnego

2021 ◽  
pp. 536-546
Author(s):  
Ewa Woźniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language

Why samochód? An Excerpt from the History of Polish Automotive Vocabulary Summary The article discusses the history of the term samochód. It centres on the earliest period when the word was used in Polish language and on the advent of Polish automotive vocabulary at the turn of the twentieth century when the word competed with such synonyms as samojazd and automobil. The article lists the factors that could have helped solidify the contemporary meaning of the term. These include: familiarity, the earliest dating, and easy formation of derivatives as well as the influence of the automotive and general press.

scholarly journals Kobieca cnota. Próba zrozumienia ewolucji znaczenia cnoty na przestrzeni wieków

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 83-102
Author(s):  
Beata Raszewska-Żurek
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cultural Determinants ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Feminine Virtue

Feminine virtue. An attempt at understanding the evolution of the meaning of cnota (virtue) over the centuriesThe article is devoted to the evolution of the meaning of the Polish lexeme cnota (virtue) starting from the Old Polish to the present time. The starting point is the change in the meaning of the lexeme virtue from the ‘complex of ethical qualities’ in the Old Polish language to the ‘hymen’ in the twentieth century. From the beginning of the Polish language, the lexeme virtue contained a different catalogue of values in relation to men and women. Analysis concerned these meanings which referred to a woman and were related to the valuation not only of the virtue, but also of a woman in general, taking into consideration non-linguistic, social and cultural determinants. The material comes from historical and contemporary Polish language dictionaries. The studies also included the use of lexemes related to the lexem cnota (virtue), such as an adjective cnotliwy (virtuous) or a noun cnotka (would-be virgin, goody-goody), if they concerned the woman‘s virtue. The meaning of the lexeme virtue in relation to a woman was associated with virginity, chastity, considered as a key factor for determining the value of a woman. Such meaning, associated with a positive valuation of virtue persisted until the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the broad importance of the lexeme virtue has fallen into disuse, the meaning has been narrowed to ‘virginity’. Following this, in connection with social and customary changes, the virtue, already as ‘virginity’, lost its traditional high rating in the category of moral values.

scholarly journals Dawna rozkosz – o rozumieniu i wartościowaniu pojęcia na podstawie użyć leksemu rozkosz

2021 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Raszewska-Żurek
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Negative Evaluation ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Renaissance Period ◽  
The Social ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Sensual Pleasure

The Historical rozkosz (pleasure, delight): On the Understanding and Evaluation of the Concept on the Basis of the Use of the Lexeme rozkosz SummaryThis article is devoted to the reconstruction of the manner of understand­ing and evaluation of the concept rozkosz (pleasure, delight) in the Old, Middle and subsequent periods of the development of the Polish language, until the early twentieth century, when the modern understanding of this concept was established. The analysis focuses on the contextual uses of the lexeme rozkosz and reveals the dichotomous nature of the early concept: from the Old Polish period until the breakthrough of the Enlightenment there was the rozkosz duchowa (spiritual delight), motivated in a religious way and evaluated positively, and the rozkosz cielesna (carnal, sensual pleasure), reduced to sin and burdened with a negative evaluation. From the Renaissance period the concept slowly expanded to cover various spheres of life, and after the break­through period of the Enlightenment it became more marked: rozkosz came to refer to the social, aesthetic and intellectual sphere and it began to lose its religious basis. This process was accompanied by the decline of the evaluation and the dichotomy of the concept. Dawna rozkosz – o rozumieniu i wartościowaniu pojęcia na podstawie użyć leksemu rozkosz StreszczenieArtykuł poświęcony jest rekonstrukcji sposobu pojmowania i wartościo­wania pojęcia rozkosz w dobie staro- i średniopolskiej i później, do początków XX w., kiedy ustaliło się jego współczesne rozumienie. Analiza skupia się na kontekstowych użyciach leksemu rozkosz. Ujawniła ona dychotomiczny charakter dawnego pojęcia – od staropolszczyzny aż do przełomu oświecenio­wego istniała rozkosz duchowa – motywowana religijnie i wartościowana pozytywnie oraz rozkosz cielesna, zmysłowa, sprowadzana do grzechu i obarczona negatywną oceną. Od renesansu pojęcie powoli rozszerzało się na różne sfery życia, co po przełomie oświeceniowym stało się wyraźniej­sze – rozkosz zaczęła dotyczyć sfery społecznej, estetycznej, intelektualnej i traciła umocowanie religijne – wraz z tym procesem zanika wartościowanie i dychotomia pojęcia.

Some Polish Composers of To-Day

Tempo ◽  
1948 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Andrzej Panufnik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Progressive Group ◽  
Karol Szymanowski

It is ten years since KAROL SZYMANOWSKI died at fifty-four. He was the most prominent representative of the “radical progressive” group of early twentieth century composers, which we call “Young Poland.” In their manysided and pioneering efforts they prepared the fertile soil on which Poland's present day's music thrives.

V1214: Edward Loughborough Keyes: An Early Twentieth Century Leader In Urology

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 320-320
Author(s):  
Peter J. Stahl ◽  
E. Darracott Vaughan ◽  
Edward S. Belt ◽  
David A. Bloom ◽  
Ann Arbor
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Early Twentieth Century
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