scholarly journals Irreparable Global Spread of Pathogens and International Trade – Facilitating Factors

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-43
Author(s):  
Václav Kouba
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Animal Infection ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
Imported Infections ◽  
Free Status ◽  
Free Animal

Abstract The worldwide trade in non-pathogen-free animals and their products has led to irreparable global spread of animal infections. Among factors supporting this spread belong: countless pathogen species able to reproduce and spread horizontally and to the next generations causing immense number of sufferings and premature deaths of affected animals and humans; increasing long distance export of animals and their products due also to not requiring by relevant international organizations healthy and innocuous pathogen-free commodities; illegal export/import of animals and their products; deficiencies related to diagnosis of pathogen-free status; inability to discover all imported infections, to control and eradicate them; international sanitary certificates without pathogen-free guarantee; inability of public animal health services to control on the spot the international trade with animal commodities; minimum of successfull animal infection eradications and absence of information about global spreading of pathogens to alert the countries in question. Huge daily flow of exported non-pathogen-free animal commodities conduces to permanent deterioration of global epizootiological situation. Irreparable man-made global spread of invisible pathogens with continuous multiplying sanitary, economic, social and ecological consequences represents a worldwide ecological disaster contributing to shortening life on Earth and survival of species, including self-destruction of humankind. Extraordinary existential significance requires international control of epizootics to be dealt with at the highest decision-making level of the United Nations Organization.

scholarly journals Irreparable Global Spread of Pathogens and International Trade – Sanitary Requirements

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Václav Kouba
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
External Interference ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
Common Trade ◽  
World Organisation ◽  
Free Animal ◽  
Animal Health Services

Abstract Sanitary requirements for international trade in animals and their products are regulated by World Trade Organization (WTO) and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). None of them requires exported animal commodities to be of full sanitary quality, i.e. to be free of pathogens causing mass suffering and premature death of immense numbers of animals and humans. Both organizations using different methods try to avoid requirements of importing countries for pathogen-free animal commodity. They support the exporting countries at the expense of health in the importing ones that are not self-sufficient in animal production and thus contribute to worldwide man-made spreading of pathogens through “legal” trade. They ignore the global irreparable consequences of their common “trade over health” policy. They also deprive the importing countries of freedom to reject goods having no sanitary harmlessness guarantee. They ignore pathogen reproduction/spreading/resistance abilities and the fact that every case is different. Admitting pathogen spread is in stark contrast to the only duty of the OIE. It is therefore recommended: Documents and provisions supporting pathogen spread through “legal” international trade to be immediately abolished; to use and apply normal free market fair trade principles for animal commodities, i.e. full quality requirements based on demands of the importing country to avoid pathogen introduction and on bilateral agreement without any external interference. State animal health services must be significantly strengthened to be able to control international trade on-the-spot and organize infection control/eradication programmes. Modern action-oriented epizootiology methods have to be used. All intergovernmental anti-epizootic agenda should be concentrated in United Nations Organization and dealt with as a priority programme to protect global health and life.

scholarly journals Irreparable Global Spread of Pathogens and International Trade – Infection Monitoring

2014 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 147-154
Author(s):  
Václav Kouba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Information System ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Health Information System ◽  
Global Spread ◽  
The Impact

Abstract There is no systematic monitoring of global spreading of pathogens through international trade carried out by any organisation regulating world-wide trade in animals and their products. A critical evaluation of the impact of international trade provisions on global pathogen spread is missing as well. Data related to this kind of analysis are no more internationally collected. However, information on animal infection occurrence is of paramount importance for decision-making on animal health import conditions based on pathogen introduction risk assessment considering first of all the epizootiological situation in exporting countries. Actual international animal health information system covers just a small part of known animal infections and provides much less information on their occurrence and epizootiological characteristics than before (except for a few selected emergency infections). It provides the importing countries zero or insufficient data for objective risk assessment to avoid pathogen introduction through international trade. Illegal export/import is not recorded in any information system. The globalisation era trade requires much more efficient information system, including monitoring of global spread of pathogenic microflora through trade, as the basis for more effective international preventive and control anti-epizootic measures. There is an urgent need to re-establish animal health information system within the United Nations Organization as its inseparable component for follow-up execution of animal health technical assistance and global anti-epizootic programmes.

scholarly journals Development of a Safe and Highly Efficient Inactivated Vaccine Candidate against Lumpy Skin Disease Virus

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Janika Wolff ◽  
Tom Moritz ◽  
Kore Schlottau ◽  
Donata Hoffmann ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Disease ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Vaccine Virus ◽  
Lumpy Skin Disease ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Clinical Protection ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines ◽  
Disease Free ◽  
World Organisation ◽  
Free Status

Capripox virus (CaPV)-induced diseases (lumpy skin disease, sheeppox, goatpox) are described as the most serious pox diseases of livestock animals, and therefore are listed as notifiable diseases under guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Until now, only live-attenuated vaccines are commercially available for the control of CaPV. Due to numerous potential problems after vaccination (e.g., loss of the disease-free status of the respective country, the possibility of vaccine virus shedding and transmission as well as the risk of recombination with field strains during natural outbreaks), the use of these vaccines must be considered carefully and is not recommended in CaPV-free countries. Therefore, innocuous and efficacious inactivated vaccines against CaPV would provide a great tool for control of these diseases. Unfortunately, most inactivated Capripox vaccines were reported as insufficient and protection seemed to be only short-lived. Nevertheless, a few studies dealing with inactivated vaccines against CaPV are published, giving evidence for good clinical protection against CaPV-infections. In our studies, a low molecular weight copolymer-adjuvanted vaccine formulation was able to induce sterile immunity in the respective animals after severe challenge infection. Our findings strongly support the possibility of useful inactivated vaccines against CaPV-infections, and indicate a marked impact of the chosen adjuvant for the level of protection.

Beyond Cost Minimisation: Farmers’ Perspectives on the Adoption of GM Fodder in Sweden

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-100
Author(s):  
Klara Fischer ◽  
Sebastian Hess
Keyword(s):  
Public Perception ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Cost Minimisation ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Free Animal

Swedish farmers were surveyed about their perceptions of genetically modified (GM) feed. Livestock in the EU are frequently given feed containing imported genetically modified (GM) crops, with GM fodder often being cheaper for farmers. However, there is also a growing market for ‘GM-free’ animal-based products. While public concerns about GMOs have been studied extensively, less is known about farmers’ views. The limited literature on farmers and GMOs tends to focus on the economic factors influencing their adoption. The present study contributes the perspective of farmers as members of the general public, thus including a broader set of factors known to be relevant for the public perception of GMOs. The results indicated that farmers were worried about: i) unforeseen consequences for the environment, ii) un­foreseen consequences for human and animal health, and iii) the dominance of multinational companies. Farmers who could expect their farm businesses to benefit from existing GMOs were more positive, whereas those who were unlikely to experience any benefits or who could expect their farm business to be adversely affected were more negative. Nevertheless, adherence to a broader set of positive or negative values suggests that Swedish farmers’ perspectives on GMOs go further than pure considerations of farm management.

scholarly journals International Trade and Institutional Change: Medieval Venice’s Response to Globalization*

2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (2) ◽  
pp. 753-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Puga ◽  
Daniel Trefler
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Institutional Change ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Social Stratification ◽  
Domestic Institutions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Economic Competition ◽  
Broad Group ◽  
Before And After

Abstract International trade can have profound effects on domestic institutions. We examine this proposition in the context of medieval Venice circa 800–1600. Early on, the growth of long-distance trade enriched a broad group of merchants who used their newfound economic muscle to push for constraints on the executive, that is, for the end of a de facto hereditary Doge in 1032 and the establishment of a parliament in 1172. The merchants also pushed for remarkably modern innovations in contracting institutions that facilitated long-distance trade, for example, the colleganza. However, starting in 1297, a small group of particularly wealthy merchants blocked political and economic competition: they made parliamentary participation hereditary and erected barriers to participation in the most lucrative aspects of long-distance trade. Over the next two centuries this led to a fundamental societal shift away from political openness, economic competition, and social mobility and toward political closure, extreme inequality, and social stratification. We document this oligarchization using a unique database on the names of 8,178 parliamentarians and their families’ use of the colleganza in the periods immediately before and after 1297. We then link these families to 6,959 marriages during 1400–1599 to document the use of marriage alliances to monopolize the galley trade. Monopolization led to the rise of extreme inequality, with those who were powerful before 1297 emerging as the undisputed winners.

scholarly journals Potential Involvement of Melon Fruit in the Long Distance Dissemination of Cucurbit Potyviruses

Plant Disease ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 87 (8) ◽  
pp. 955-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Lecoq ◽  
Cécile Desbiez ◽  
Catherine Wipf-Scheibel ◽  
Myriam Girard
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Bait Plants ◽  
Very High ◽  
Melon Fruit

Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) and Zucchini yellow mosaic virus(ZYMV) are potyviruses frequently reported in cucurbits in Mediterranean, subtropical, and tropical regions. Occasionally, epidemics are also observed in more temperate regions, but the ways these viruses are introduced into new areas are not yet fully determined. We investigated the possibility that infected imported melon fruit could be a route for the introduction of PRSV and ZYMV. Imported melon fruits of the yellow canary type infected by ZYMV and PRSV were exposed in the fields next to healthy melon or squash bait plants. During this period, aphids were observed landing and probing on the fruits. In four independent experiments using different fruits, 3.1 to 25% of bait plants were infected by ZYMV and/or PRSV. PRSV was more frequently transmitted to bait plants than ZYMV. Comparison of partial sequences of the isolates from fruits and from bait plants showed a very high, if not complete, identity within each experiment, confirming that a natural transmission did occur from the fruit to the bait plants. These results suggest that globalization of melon production and international trade may be a factor in the spread of cucurbit potyviruses between countries or continents.

Archaeology and Material Culture of Ammon and the Ammonites

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Tyson
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Material Culture ◽  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Local System ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Modern City ◽  
Iron Age Ii

The Ammonites (literally, “sons of Ammon”) were a tribal group with a core territory in and around the modern city of Amman, Jordan. This core area could also be referred to as Ammon; the name of the modern city is also derived from this designation. Though they are known best for their role as kin and enemy to Israel in the Bible, archaeological work has revealed much about the indigenous cultural traditions of the region. The earliest possible evidence naming the Ammonites is from the 9th century bce, but there is little doubt that they inhabited the region before that, though how much before that is difficult to say. Regardless of their date of origin, it is helpful to chart their appearance on the stage of history in the Iron Age II by including some chronological depth. Beginning with the Late Bronze Age (c. 1550–1150 bce), the region around Amman was sparsely settled with a few fortified towns and evidence for participation in international trade. New Kingdom Egypt appears to have had at least one garrison on the Plateau, probably to help control trade. The Iron Age I–IIA (c. 1150–850 bce) saw a drop in international trade associated with the disruption of the international order at the end of the Late Bronze Age. At the same time, there was an uptick in the number of sites showing occupation. In addition to bringing the first contemporary textual references to the Ammonites, the Iron Age IIB–IIC (c. 850–500 bce) was an era of increased sociopolitical complexity and economic intensification stimulated by the pressures and opportunities presented by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. These changes are visible in the development of an indigenous tradition of writing, an unparalleled sculptural tradition, an increase in the number and variety of imports, and a significant increase in the number of small agriculturally oriented sites across the landscape. The independent polity of Ammon was turned into a province sometime in the 6th century—probably under Babylonian hegemony. The archaeological remains indicate a continuation of agricultural production and participation in long-distance trade networks, and an eventual replacement of the local system of writing with the Aramaic used by the Persians. Note on transliterations: A variety of systems exist for transliterating ancient and modern place names in Semitic languages. A simplified version of the most common transliterations is used here.

The influences of cultural values on the cultural product trade: evidence from China, Japan and Korea

2022 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaqi Zhou ◽  
Zhibin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Cultural Dimension ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Singh Index ◽  
Cultural Similarity

Purpose International trade flows of cultural goods have grown noticeably in the past few decades and the development of cultural products trade has been an important issue in the international business field. Therefore, this study aims to explore how per capita gross domestic product, distance, culture, Internet penetration and other factors affect the trade of cultural products. Design/methodology/approach The paper focuses on the international trade in cultural goods of China, Japan and Korea with other countries. To analyze the essential reason, the study has applied the classical gravity model along with variables, which mainly represent global connectedness to investigate which variables have the most impact on trade in cultural products. Findings The result shows that in terms of China, cultural similarity boosts the volume of trade volume with other countries, however, for South Korea and Japan, cultural similarity does not have a significant impact. On top of cultural similarity, individual cultural value dimension differences between countries show mixed results for each country and their directions of trade. Global connectedness, on the other hand, is not congruent with the general expectations of previous studies. Research limitations implications Due to the limited time for data collection, the research was done with a relatively small country list with a limited number of cultural good items. Second, the Kogut and Singh index is one of the most popular measures based on cultural dimension deviation. It is based on the Euclidean calculation method used by most scholars but some scholars believe that the Euclidean method has some shortcomings. Third, the authors do not actively promote robust testing after regression analysis this work would be carried out in the future. Finally, using the four basic cultural dimensions proposed by Hofstede in 1980 may be another limitation. Practical implications First, the authors should further promote the establishment of the China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area. The three countries should formulate special policies to favor the trade of cultural products and support the development of the cultural industry. Additionally, the three sides should also set up a joint research center to explore the issue of improving the international competitiveness of cultural products trade and find common solutions. And the three countries should further open their doors within the reasonable range, relax the restrictions on tourism and trade visas. Originality/value The analysis provides some different results as the previous papers. Distance variables show positive effect on trade which defines that long distance between countries do no matter on trade in cultural goods. Moreover, the variables of tourism receipt shows that global connectedness positively effects on trade. The cultural variables of the KS composite index show opposite result with the conventional logic which advocates that cultural dissimilarity enhances trade in cultural goods.

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