scholarly journals Decomposing Employment Trends of Disabled Workers

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Koning ◽  
Heike Vethaak
Keyword(s):  
Disability Insurance ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Substantial Decrease ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Employment Trends ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Disabled Workers

Abstract This paper estimates Age–Period–Cohort models on employment rates of Dutch Disability Insurance (DI) applicants. We find that the substantial decrease in employment between 1999 and 2013 is explained by year-of-application cohort effects and that period effects are negligible. In turn, application cohort effects partly stem from increasing shares of applicants without permanent contracts. Changes in application cohort effects are largely confined to the years following two DI reforms that increased self-screening among workers. We next analyze changes in employment rates of awarded and rejected applicants and follow a Difference-in-Differences approach. Assuming common compositional cohort effects, we infer negligible effects of changes in benefit conditions.

scholarly journals Age period cohort analysis of chewing ability in Korea from 2007 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam-Hee Kim ◽  
Ichiro Kawachi
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
Cohort Effect ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Chewing Ability ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractThere have been marked improvements in oral health in Korea during the past 10 years, including chewing ability. We sought to disentangle age, period, and cohort effects in chewing ability between 2007 and 2018. We analyzed data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The main variable was chewing difficulty, which was assessed among participants aged 20 years and older. APC analysis revealed three trends in chewing difficulty: (1) there was an increase in chewing difficulty starting at around 60 years of age (age effect), (2) there was a steady decrease in chewing difficulty during the observation period (period effect), and (3) chewing ability improved with each successive generation born after 1951 (cohort effect). Regarding recent improvements in chewing ability, cohort effects were somewhat more important than period effects.

Changing Attitudes Toward Euthanasia and Suicide for Terminally Ill Persons, 1977 to 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon K. Attell
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Sociological Theory ◽  
Terminally Ill ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Changing Attitudes ◽  
Biased Estimates ◽  
Analysis Point ◽  
Over Time

Several longitudinal studies show that over time the American public has become more approving of euthanasia and suicide for terminally ill persons. Yet, these previous findings are limited because they derive from biased estimates of disaggregated hierarchical data. Using insights from life course sociological theory and cross-classified logistic regression models, I better account for this liberalization process by disentangling the age, period, and cohort effects that contribute to longitudinal changes in these attitudes. The results of the analysis point toward a continued liberalization of both attitudes over time, although the magnitude of change was greater for suicide compared with euthanasia. More fluctuation in the probability of supporting both measures was exhibited for the age and period effects over the cohort effects. In addition, age-based differences in supporting both measures were found between men and women and various religious affiliations.

scholarly journals The Arrival of Fast Internet and Employment in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 1032-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Hjort ◽  
Jonas Poulsen
Keyword(s):  
Job Creation ◽  
Job Displacement ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Cable Network ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Employment Gain ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Fast Internet

To show how fast Internet affects employment in Africa, we exploit the gradual arrival of submarine Internet cables on the coast and maps of the terrestrial cable network. Robust difference-in-differences estimates from 3 datasets, covering 12 countries, show large positive effects on employment rates—also for less educated worker groups—with little or no job displacement across space. The sample-wide impact is driven by increased employment in higher-skill occupations, but less-educated workers’ employment gain less so. Firm-level data available for some countries indicate that increased firm entry, productivity, and exporting contribute to higher net job creation. Average incomes rise. (JEL F14, J23, J24, J63, L86, O15, O33)

scholarly journals Not an age of depression after all? Incidence rates may be stable over time

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. S. PAYKEL
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Stability ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Over 40 Years ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Time Point

In an important paper in this issue Murphy et al. (pp. 503–512) report on incidence rates for depression over 40 years in the Stirling County Study. Incidence rates remained stable, contrary to most evidence that is principally based on prevalence or retrospective lifetime prevalence. Incidence rates were only a little higher in women than in men.Incidence rates are assuming increasing importance in psychiatry as they do in other areas of epidemiology. Prevalence rates are complex, depending not only on incidence of new cases of the disorder, but its persistence, and in a recurrent disorder, recurrence. Incidence rates are unbiased by these factors, a particularly valuable attribute when considering risk factors. In depression, development and widespread use of antidepressants, newer patterns of care, and in the opposite direction, increased urbanization with its accompanying social pressures, could have produced considerable changes in outcome in the last 40 years. Changes in enumerated prevalences alone could reflect changed length of episodes and rates of recurrence, so giving a misleading picture as to what has happened to the disorder.The Stirling County Study is one of the classics of epidemiology. Its originator, Alexander Leighton, is an author of the present paper with his wife, Jane Murphy, who has directed the study since the mid-1970s. Representative community samples were studied cross-sectionally in 1952, 1969 and 1992, and the previously studied samples restudied on follow-up at the later points. The design enables a separation of period effects, involving all subjects at one time point, from cohort effects. In this study similar temporal stability of prevalence has been found (Murphy et al. 2000b) to that now reported for incidence.

scholarly journals Rise, stagnation, and rise of Danish women’s life expectancy

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (15) ◽  
pp. 4015-4020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rune Lindahl-Jacobsen ◽  
Roland Rau ◽  
Bernard Jeune ◽  
Vladimir Canudas-Romo ◽  
Adam Lenart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Female Life Expectancy ◽  
Survival Probabilities ◽  
Cohort Differences ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
History Of

Health conditions change from year to year, with a general tendency in many countries for improvement. These conditions also change from one birth cohort to another: some generations suffer more adverse events in childhood, smoke more heavily, eat poorer diets, etc., than generations born earlier or later. Because it is difficult to disentangle period effects from cohort effects, demographers, epidemiologists, actuaries, and other population scientists often disagree about cohort effects’ relative importance. In particular, some advocate forecasts of life expectancy based on period trends; others favor forecasts that hinge on cohort differences. We use a combination of age decomposition and exchange of survival probabilities between countries to study the remarkable recent history of female life expectancy in Denmark, a saga of rising, stagnating, and now again rising lifespans. The gap between female life expectancy in Denmark vs. Sweden grew to 3.5 y in the period 1975–2000. When we assumed that Danish women born 1915–1945 had the same survival probabilities as Swedish women, the gap remained small and roughly constant. Hence, the lower Danish life expectancy is caused by these cohorts and is not attributable to period effects.

scholarly journals Getting a Grip on Secular Changes: Age-Period-Cohort modeling of grip strength in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick O’Keefe ◽  
Frank D Mann ◽  
Sean Clouston ◽  
Stacey Voll ◽  
Graciela Muniz-Terrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Cohort Effects ◽  
Functional Capabilities ◽  
Aging Period ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
Period Effects ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
English Longitudinal Study

Abstract Background Grip strength is a popular and valuable measure in studies of physical functional capabilities in old-age. The influence of historical trends and differential period-specific exposures can complicate the interpretation of biomarkers of aging and health and requires careful analysis and interpretation of ageing, birth cohort, and period effects. The current study evaluates the effects of aging, period, and cohort on grip strength in a population of adults and older adults. Methods We use >27,000 observations for individuals ≥50 years of age, born in approximately 1910-1960, from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging to examine a variety of multilevel and cross-classified modeling approaches to evaluate age, period, and cohort effects. Our results extended Hierarchical Age Period Cohort modeling and compared our results with a set of nine sub-models with explicit assumptions to determine the most reliable modeling approach. Results Findings suggest grip strength is primarily related to age, with minimal evidence of either period and/or cohort effects. Each year’s increase in a person’s age was associated with a 0.40-kilogram decrease in grip strength, though this decline differs by gender. Conclusions We conclude that as a population ages, grip strength declines at a systematic and predictable rate equal to -0.40-kilograms per year (approximately -.50-kg for men and -.30-kg for women) in residents of England aged 50 and older. Age-effects were predominant and most consistent across methodologies. While there was some evidence for cohort effects, such effects were minimal and therefore indicative that grip strength is a consistent physiological biomarker of aging.

scholarly journals Impact of a nighttime curfew on overnight mobility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Ghasemi ◽  
Nick Daneman ◽  
Isha Berry ◽  
Sarah A Buchan ◽  
Jean-Paul Soucy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Natural Experiment ◽  
Substantial Decrease ◽  
Relative Reduction ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

Background: Among non-pharmaceutical interventions, individual movement restrictions have been among the most impactful methods for controlling COVID-19 case growth. While nighttime curfews to control COVID-19 case growth have been implemented in certain regions and cities, few studies have examined their impacts on mobility or COVID-19 incidence. In the second wave of COVID-19, Canada's two largest and adjacent provinces implemented lockdown restrictions with (Quebec) and without (Ontario) a nighttime curfew, providing a natural experiment to study the association between curfews and mobility. Methods: This study spanned from December 1, 2020 to January 23, 2021 and included the populations of Ontario (including Toronto) and Quebec (including Montreal). The intervention of interest was a nighttime curfew implemented across Quebec on January 9, 2021. Unadjusted and adjusted difference-in-differences models (DID) were used to measure the incremental impact of the curfew on nighttime mobility in Quebec as compared to Ontario. Results: The implementation of the curfew was associated with an immediate reduction in nighttime mobility. The adjusted DID analysis indicated that Quebec experienced a 31% relative reduction in nighttime mobility (95%CI: -36% to -25%) compared to Ontario, and that Montreal experienced a 39% relative reduction compared to Toronto (95%CI: -43, -34). Discussion: However, this natural experiment among two neighbouring provinces provides useful evidence that curfews lead to an immediate and substantial decrease nighttime mobility, particularly in these provinces' largest urban areas hardest hit by COVID-19.

Disability Insurance in the Great Recession: Ease of Access, Program Enrollment, and Local Hysteresis

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 486-490
Author(s):  
Melissa S. Kearney ◽  
Brendan M. Price ◽  
Riley Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Great Recession ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Disability Insurance ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Program Enrollment ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Ease Of Access ◽  
Social Security Disability ◽  
Access Program

We examine the interaction between Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) access and economic shocks during the Great Recession by exploiting exogenous variation in SSDI appeals processing time–a measure of hassle or access–between neighboring zip codes assigned to different hearing offices. During the Great Recession, longer processing times led to lower SSDI enrollment in places that experienced more severe labor market downturns. In the full sample, processing time has no clear effect on the pace of employment recovery. However, among severely shocked places with high baseline SSDI enrollment, those with longer processing times saw faster recovery in employment rates.

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