A PLS-SEM Approach to Connect Fertility, GDP, and Childhood Mortality with Female life Expectancy (FLE) in Bangladesh

A reasonable number of studies on the effect of Female life expectancy (FLE) upon the quality of women's lives in developed countries have been done. Bangladesh lacks such a study. We explore the effect of decreasing fertility and childhood mortality rates on FLE in Bangladesh and evaluate the potential impthe act of the demographic transition on GDP. Also, we investigate the trends and patterns of different factors from 1995 to 2018. Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) is functioned to fit an appropriate model to link fertility, GDP, and childhood mortality with FLE. The significance of the relationships has also been assessed. Results indicate that declines in fertility and childhood mortality have made significant improvements in FLE. The prospects of demographic transition due to fertility decline have been analyzed, and challenges to achieve it are highlighted.

Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

To assess the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in India and its major states as well as the timing of male-female life expectancy at birth crossover. To analyze the age-specific contributions to the changing gender differences before and after the crossover at the national and sub-national levels. We have used sample-survey-based age-specific mortality data available for the periods 1970–2018 to construct abridged life tables. The contribution of different age groups to the gender gap is estimated by using Arriaga’s method of decomposition. During 1981–85 female life expectancy at birth caught up with male life expectancy at birth for India and by 2005 all major states completed the crossover. The male-female crossover in life expectancy at the national level in the early 80s is remarkable in the face of continued female disadvantage from birth till adolescence, even for some richer states. We provide evidence that gender difference in longevity in favour of females is largely a function of adult age groups and younger age groups contribute negatively to the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in most states. Juxtaposing the results from contribution in an absolute number of years and their relative contribution change before and after the crossover, it is established that although the adult and old age groups contribute the highest in the absolute number of years before and after the crossover, the contribution of the reproductive age groups and childhood years in the recent time is most relevant in relative terms.

Effects of Food Concentration and Photoperiod on Egg Production, Female Life Expectancy and Population Dynamics of the Paracalanid Copepod, Bestiolina amoyensis

The paracalanid copepod, Bestiolina amoyensis, is a widely distributed species occurring in subtropical inshore waters across the Pacific Ocean. Its small size, herbivorous feeding habit, and high adaptability make the species one of the most promising candidates as potential live feed for hatchery larval rearing. This study investigated effects of different feeding density of microalgae Isochrysis spp. (1 × 105, 2 × 105, 3 × 105, 4 × 105, and 5 × 105 cells ml–1) and photoperiod (8L:16D, 12L:12D, and 16L:8D) on productivity-related parameters, including egg production, female life expectancy and population dynamics of B. amoyensis. Results showed that total egg output over female lifespan, final population size and intrinsic rate of population of 12L:12D photoperiod treatments were always the highest among three photoperiod conditions, especially at the food concentration of 4 × 105 cells ml–1, indicating B. amoyensis had high reproductive performance and the population was in a more stable status. The number of nauplii from 4 × 105 cells ml–1 algal concentration treatment accounted for 75% of the population, and the ratio of females to males approaching 1:1 when photoperiod was 12L:12D; female life expectancy was 10.5 ± 0.6 days. In conclusion, our results showed that Isochrysis spp. is a suitable feed for B. amoyensis with an optimal concentration at 4 × 105 cells mL–1; the optimal photoperiod for B. amoyensis rearing is 12L:12D. The relatively long reproductive lifespan and high intrinsic population increase rate make B. amoyensis a good candidate to develop culture techniques for hatchery larval rearing.

The fiscal value of human lives lost from Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China

Objective: According to the WHO novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report 16, as at 5 th February 2020, there was a total of 24363 confirmed 2019-nCoV cases in China. That consisted of the world 491. The specific objective of this study was to estimate, using human capital approach, the fiscal value of human lives lost due to 2019-nCoV in China as at 5 th February 2020. Results: The deaths from 2019-nCoV had a discounted (at 3%) total fiscal value of Int$174,895,675. Out of which, 63.2% was borne by people aged 25-49 years, 27.8% by people aged 50-64 years, and 9.0% by people aged 65 years and above. Average fiscal value per death was Int$ 356,203. Re-estimation of the economic model alternately with 5% and 10 discount rates led to a reduction in the expected total fiscal value by 21.3% and 50.4%, respectively. Furthermore, re-estimation of the economic model using the Japanese female life expectancy of 87.1 years (highest in the world), instead of the national life expectancy of 76.4 years, increased the total fiscal value by Int$ 43,415,455 (24.8%).

A RECONSIDERATION OF THE HEALTH STATUS – ECONOMIC GROWTH NEXUS: EVALUATION OF THE GENDER DIFFERENTIAL EFFECT IN NIGERIA

It is tempting to say that the health status-economic growth literature in Nigeria is exhaustive due to the large body of extant studies. However, gaps exist on the gender perspective to the relationship between health status and economic growth in Nigeria as the literature largely examined the relationship at the aggregate. Therefore, this study seeks to explore the gender dimension to the health-economic growth nexus in Nigeria using gender-disaggregated data on longevity. Applying the dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) to the time series for the period between 1981 and 2018, the findings suggest there is gendered difference in the effect of male and female life expectancy at birth on economic growth. Specifically, the results show that male life expectancy at birth is positively correlated to economic growth while there is evidence of a negative relationship between female life expectancy at birth and economic growth. Also, foreign investment and credit to private sector were found to be negatively correlated with economic growth while the urbanization rate was found to have economic growth premium in the study period.

Factors affecting the egg-laying pattern of Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) in three climatologically different zones of North America

Egg-laying patterns of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia Linnaeus (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), from three climatologically different areas; Montréal, Québec, Canada, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, and San Francisco, California, United States of America; were compared in laboratory. Three different egg-laying patterns were observed. Among the biotic parameters studied; previtellogenic follicular atresia, number of oocytes per ovariole at imaginal moult, female life expectancy, and ovarian activity explained female successful responses to local weather conditions. Follicular atresia, combined with a low number of oocytes, impeded oviposition in a low percentage of females from Montréal. It also impedes the production of a third brood in the Vancouver population, and of a fourth brood in the San Francisco population. Both female life expectancy and length of ovarian activity also had a significant impact on the oviposition pattern in the three climatic regions. Under the cold temperate climate of the Montréal area, only one brood was produced due to the short period of female fertility. Longer period of fertility and life expectancy enabled females to produce two broods in the milder temperate climate of Vancouver, and three broods in the San Francisco climate. Our results strongly suggest an exaptation enabling the native European populations of F. auricularia to adapt successfully in North America.

Female Life Expectancy Rates and Factors Affecting them: An Analytical-Quantitative Study

This paper explores the question of identity, in terms of self and historical construction in a sample of Omani women’s novel, by looking specifically at the ways the narratives focused on the local and the borrowed, the free and slave, the tribal and non- tribal and articulated their vision of their individual selves, their actions and established relationships resulting from of their historical circumstances. The research focuses on the narrative viewpoint, on the way the speaking subject self-seeing and its focalization, on the narrator view of the other, be it different or similar. The resources from which the research started are structured on feminine identities that have a standpoint from their historical evolution and from the formation of their identities. It also has an attitude. about the other whether it is different in terms of gender, race or descent.