Three-dimensionally printed polycaprolactone/multicomponent bioactive glass scaffolds for potential application in bone tissue engineering

AbstractOver the last years, three-dimensional (3D) printing has been successfully applied to produce suitable substitutes for treating bone defects. In this work, 3D printed composite scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and strontium (Sr)- and cobalt (Co)-doped multi-component melt-derived bioactive glasses (BGs) were prepared for bone tissue engineering strategies. For this purpose, 30% of as-prepared BG particles (size <38 μm) were incorporated into PCL, and then the obtained composite mix was introduced into a 3D printing machine to fabricate layer-by-layer porous structures with the size of 12 × 12 × 2 mm3.The scaffolds were fully characterized through a series of physico-chemical and biological assays. Adding the BGs to PCL led to an improvement in the compressive strength of the fabricated scaffolds and increased their hydrophilicity. Furthermore, the PCL/BG scaffolds showed apatite-forming ability (i.e., bioactivity behavior) after being immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). The in vitro cellular examinations revealed the cytocompatibility of the scaffolds and confirmed them as suitable substrates for the adhesion and proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. In conclusion, 3D printed composite scaffolds made of PCL and Sr- and Co-doped BGs might be potentially-beneficial bone replacements, and the achieved results motivate further research on these materials.

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Fabrication and characterization of novel ethyl cellulose-grafted-poly (ɛ-caprolactone)/alginate nanofibrous/macroporous scaffolds incorporated with nano-hydroxyapatite for bone tissue engineering

Journal of Biomaterials Applications ◽

10.1177/0885328218822641 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 33 (8) ◽

pp. 1128-1144 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Vahideh Raeisdasteh Hokmabad ◽

Soodabeh Davaran ◽

Marziyeh Aghazadeh ◽

Reza Rahbarghazi ◽

Roya Salehi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Ethyl Cellulose ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Proliferation And Differentiation

The major challenge of tissue regeneration is to develop three dimensional scaffolds with suitable properties which would mimic the natural extracellular matrix to induce the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of cells. Several materials have been used for the preparation of the scaffolds for bone regeneration. In this study, novel ethyl cellulose-grafted-poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (EC-g-PCL)/alginate scaffolds with different contents of nano-hydroxyapatite were prepared by combining electrospinning and freeze-drying methods in order to provide nanofibrous/macroporous structures with good mechanical properties. For this aim, EC-g-PCL nanofibers were obtained with electrospinning, embedded layer-by-layer in alginate solutions containing nano-hydroxyapatite particles, and finally, these constructions were freeze-dried. The scaffolds possess highly porous structures with interconnected pore network. The swelling, porosity, and degradation characteristics of the EC-g-PCL/alginate scaffolds were decreased with the increase in nano-hydroxyapatite contents, whereas increases in the in-vitro biomineralization and mechanical strength were observed as the nano-hydroxyapatite content was increased. The cell response to EC-g-PCL/alginate scaffolds with/or without nano-hydroxyapatite was investigated using human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). hDPSCs displayed a high adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation on nano-hydroxyapatite-incorporated EC-g-PCL/alginate scaffolds compared to pristine EC-g-PCL/alginate scaffold. Overall, these results suggested that the EC-g-PCL/alginate-HA scaffolds might have potential applications in bone tissue engineering.

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Fabrication and In Vitro Evaluation of 3D Printed Porous Polyetherimide Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2019/2076138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2019 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Xiongfeng Tang ◽

Yanguo Qin ◽

Xinyu Xu ◽

Deming Guo ◽

Wenli Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Cell Adhesion ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Porous Scaffold ◽

3D Printed

For bone tissue engineering, the porous scaffold should provide a biocompatible environment for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation and match the mechanical properties of native bone tissue. In this work, we fabricated porous polyetherimide (PEI) scaffolds using a three-dimensional (3D) printing system, and the pore size was set as 800 μm. The morphology of 3D PEI scaffolds was characterized by the scanning electron microscope. To investigate the mechanical properties of the 3D PEI scaffold, the compressive mechanical test was performed via an electronic universal testing system. For the in vitro cell experiment, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) were cultured on the surface of the 3D PEI scaffold and PEI slice, and cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, and cell proliferation were detected to verify their biocompatibility. Besides, the alkaline phosphatase staining and Alizarin Red staining were performed on the BMSCs of different samples to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation. Through these studies, we found that the 3D PEI scaffold showed an interconnected porous structure, which was consistent with the design. The elastic modulus of the 3D PEI scaffold (941.33 ± 65.26 MPa) falls in the range of modulus for the native cancellous bone. Moreover, the cell proliferation and morphology on the 3D PEI scaffold were better than those on the PEI slice, which revealed that the porous scaffold has good biocompatibility and that no toxic substances were produced during the progress of high-temperature 3D printing. The osteogenic differentiation level of the 3D PEI scaffold and PEI slice was equal and ordinary. All of these results suggest the 3D printed PEI scaffold would be a potential strategy for bone tissue engineering.

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The Application of Polycaprolactone in Three-Dimensional Printing Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13162754 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 2754

Author(s):

Xiangjun Yang ◽

Yuting Wang ◽

Ying Zhou ◽

Junyu Chen ◽

Qianbing Wan

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

3D Printing ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Future Trend ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

3D Scaffolds ◽

Surgical Guide

Bone tissue engineering commonly encompasses the use of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds to provide a suitable microenvironment for the propagation of cells to regenerate damaged tissues or organs. 3D printing technology has been extensively applied to allow direct 3D scaffolds manufacturing. Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been widely used in the fabrication of 3D scaffolds in the field of bone tissue engineering due to its advantages such as good biocompatibility, slow degradation rate, the less acidic breakdown products in comparison to other polyesters, and the potential for loadbearing applications. PCL can be blended with a variety of polymers and hydrogels to improve its properties or to introduce new PCL-based composites. This paper describes the PCL used in developing state of the art of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D printing techniques for the fabrication of PCL-based composite scaffolds and recent studies on applications in different clinical situations. For instance, PCL-based composite scaffolds were used as an implant surgical guide in dental treatment. Furthermore, future trend and potential clinical translations will be discussed.

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Study on the cytocompatibility, mechanical and antimicrobial properties of 3D printed composite scaffolds based on PVA/ Gold nanoparticles (AuNP)/ Ampicillin (AMP) for bone tissue engineering

Materials Today Communications ◽

10.1016/j.mtcomm.2021.102458 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 102458

Author(s):

Aysenur Topsakal ◽

Swati Midha ◽

Esra Yuca ◽

Arı Tukay ◽

Hilal Turkoglu Sasmazel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Gold Nanoparticles ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Composite Scaffolds ◽

3D Printed

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Three-dimensional chitosan-nanohydroxyapatite composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

JOM ◽

10.1007/s11837-009-0131-6 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 61 (9) ◽

pp. 41-44 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

W. W. Thein-Han ◽

R. D. K. Misra

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Composite Scaffolds

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Silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide composite reinforced fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

Journal of Biomaterials Applications ◽

10.1177/0885328218763665 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 32 (10) ◽

pp. 1392-1405 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Ali Deniz Dalgic ◽

Ammar Z. Alshemary ◽

Ayşen Tezcaner ◽

Dilek Keskin ◽

Zafer Evis

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Protein Adsorption ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Osteosarcoma Cell ◽

In Vitro Biocompatibility ◽

Microscopy Techniques

In this study, novel graphene oxide–incorporated silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite composites were prepared and their potential use for bone tissue engineering was investigated by developing an electrospun poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffold. Nanocomposite groups were synthesized to have two different ratios of graphene oxide (2 and 4 wt%) to evaluate the effect of graphene oxide incorporation and groups with different silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite content was prepared to investigate optimum concentrations of both silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite and graphene oxide. Three-dimensional poly(ε-caprolactone) scaffolds were prepared by wet electrospinning and reinforced with silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite/graphene oxide nanocomposite groups to improve bone regeneration potency. Microstructural and chemical characteristics of the scaffolds were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Protein adsorption and desorption on material surfaces were studied using fetal bovine serum. Presence of graphene oxide in the scaffold, dramatically increased the protein adsorption with decreased desorption. In vitro biocompatibility studies were conducted using human osteosarcoma cell line (Saos-2). Electrospun scaffold group that was prepared with effective concentrations of silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite and graphene oxide particles (poly(ε-caprolactone) – 10% silicate-doped nano-hydroxyapatite – 4% graphene oxide) showed improved adhesion, spreading, proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity compared to other scaffold groups.

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Mineralized Nanofibers for Bone Tissue Engineering

Biomedical Engineering ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3158-6.ch020 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 461-475 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ozan Karaman

Keyword(s):

Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Tissue Engineering ◽

Bone Regeneration ◽

Bone Tissue ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Bone Grafts ◽

Tissue Engineering Scaffolds ◽

Promising Alternative ◽

Biomimetic Scaffolds

The limitation of orthopedic fractures and large bone defects treatments has brought the focus on fabricating bone grafts that could enhance ostegenesis and vascularization in-vitro. Developing biomimetic materials such as mineralized nanofibers that can provide three-dimensional templates of the natural bone extracellular-matrix is one of the most promising alternative for bone regeneration. Understanding the interactions between the structure of the scaffolds and cells and therefore the control cellular pathways are critical for developing functional bone grafts. In order to enhance bone regeneration, the engineered scaffold needs to mimic the characteristics of composite bone ECM. This chapter reviews the fabrication of and fabrication techniques for fabricating biomimetic bone tissue engineering scaffolds. In addition, the chapter covers design criteria for developing the scaffolds and examples of enhanced osteogenic differentiation outcomes by fabricating biomimetic scaffolds.

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