Nahkämpfe

Author(s):  
Sarina Tschachtli

Abstract The article explores scenes of violence in Sibote’s ›der vrouwen zuht‹ and ›La Dame escoillee‹, arguing that the texts do not stage male dominance as a natural order (as one might assume), but rather illustrate a shift from violent acts (violentia) to a staging of potential violence that constitutes power (potentia). Whereas acts of violence are immediately visible, the staging of power is more complex, demanding indirect and symbolic forms of force that suggest an unlimited potential for violence. Both texts show these scenes to be effective, attesting to male dominance and thus affirming contemporary gender discourses; at the same time, they uncover just how constructed and staged this position of male power is, thus exposing an artificial rather than a natural order of genders.

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Dundes ◽  
Madeline Streiff Buitelaar ◽  
Zachary Streiff

Female villains, both fictional and real, are subject to unconscious gender bias when part of their iniquity involves the disruption of male authority. Disney’s most popular animated villain, Maleficent, from Sleeping Beauty (1959) and Elizabeth Holmes of the now-disgraced blood testing startup, Theranos, reveled in their power, deviating from idealized feminine propriety. An analysis of scenes featuring Maleficent, the “mistress of all evil”, and coverage of Elizabeth Holmes, once the first self-made female billionaire, illustrate how powerful women with hubris are censured beyond their misdeeds. Elizabeth Holmes’ adoption of a deep voice and other masculine characteristics parallels Maleficent’s demeanor and appearance that signal female usurpation of traditional male power. Both antagonists also engage in finger pricking that penetrates the skin and draws blood, acts associated with symbolic male potency. The purported ability to bewitch, in conjunction with the adoption of patterns associated with male dominance, suggest that Maleficent and Elizabeth Holmes wield power over men and wield the power of men. Discomfort with the way in which magical powers were allegedly employed by these women echo historical fears of witches accused of appropriating male power. Furthermore, powerful women who encroach on male authority but ultimately fail to upend the gender hierarchy trigger schadenfreude beyond that expected from their wrongdoings. In the end, the stories of Maleficent and Elizabeth Holmes celebrate the downfall of women who brazenly embrace power, without showing women how to challenge the gender hierarchy.


2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elin Bjarnegård ◽  
Rainbow Murray

The purpose of these Critical Perspectives is to consider gender gaps in politics with a specific focus on men, as opposed to the traditional focus on women. The study of gender and politics implies the gendered study of both sexes, yet very little scholarship within this large body of research has men as its primary object of study. We argue that a critical focus on men is necessary to understand the nature of male dominance, the way that male power is wielded and perpetuated, and the negative effects this has for politicians and citizens of both sexes. Reframing the question of gender and representation permits the identification of new research agendas focusing explicitly on men's dominance in politics rather than women's marginalization or underrepresentation. New questions and research areas within the field of gender and politics are invoked, and these essays will demonstrate that the study of men, masculinities, and politics is fertile ground for research, requiring much greater exploration.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-65
Author(s):  
Annaliese Beth Piraino

Patriarchal constructsordain male dominance over female lifestyle and livelihood, additionallydetermining feminine value: more specifically what should happen with, and to, awoman's body.  Outlined within Renaissanceproductions such as Thomas Middleton’s WomenBeware Women and The Changeling, possessiveinequality lies behind each woman taken by her rapist.  Early laws such as the 1275 Statute of Westminster liken rape to theft and help fashionthe practice to be resultant of female Edenic flaw.  Thus, both culture and law reveal the trivializationof rape through the necessity of possession. Rape and other sexual inequities become justifiable as a requisite rightof the man, and part of the natural order to satisfy the woman. Throughout culture and law, rape and chastity expectations demonstratethe need for men to “purify” male dominated societies of women that "drivemen" to sexual compulsion.  Women arerepresentative of societal atrocities--manifestations of patriarchal fearspertaining to the loss of power.  Purgingsociety of supposed forces proves a valuable service to patriarchal order, as aloss of these controls over the woman could prove disastrous.  Thus, in order for the familial and societalpatriarchy to maintain stability, it is the right of the man to exercise his jurisdiction.  Because women are possessions, theirviolation directly relates back to their possessors; therefore, the woman’snatural propensity to be ravished, elicits a man’s cultural predisposition topossess.            Ultimately, these texts expose possession as the factor used to justify man’s desire to rape, and denote the woman’s fault in her own rape.  The act of rape is a political means of advancement in a culture filled with women in need of being ruled.  Thus, patriarchal construct requires rule over sexuality, which must be regulated to protect women, the men that possess them, and the patriarchal society as a whole.


Author(s):  
Lotte Bøggild Mortensen

Lotte Bøggild Mortensen: The Family. Discourse and Participation in Today's Tur key The present article deals with the notion of the family, and the changing forms of patriarchy and male dominance in Turkish society. The empirical data originale from a relatively well to do middle class apartment building in Ankara. Whereas several contemporary studies with a focus on village life and/or poor areas demonstrate how women manipulate within horders set by men, few studies have focused on how wealthy urban families which are commited to Kemalism, interact within the nation-state ideology of the Turkish Republic. The prevalence of Kemalism since 1923 meant the creation of a new role model for women encouraging women to enter public space. This article, however, aims to show that Atatiirk, the founder of Kemalism, had no possibility for - nor was interested in - changing the private or domestic status of women. The urban women in this study nevertheless east their identities for public participation within the Kemalist ideology. The patriarchal definition of Islam forms the local ideology, while the local discourse is shaped and reshaped with due reference to the notion of “naturalizing” male power. Using concepts like speech, silence, eyesight, order and participation, this article shows how women in urban households negotiate male power within the framework of the patriarchal family.


Author(s):  
Kusum Gopal

theory have stressed the concern for establishing a coeval relationship between observations, normative assumptions and their propositions; domains of enquiry not only overlap but are implicated in each other. It has been further argued that anthropology does not just deal with cultural differences, other cultures or social systems, but how such differences are embedded in hierarchical relationships of power. This ethnographic account explores "Janteloven" as doxic knowledge: a taken-for-granted, realised morality, sittlichkeit, reflected within the cosmological and political order (the welfare state) of Danish society. It is not perceived as arbitrary or, as one possible order among many others, but as inculcated knowledge so as to appear as a natural order. Thus it goes without saying and which there-fore, also goes unquestioned, for example, with reference to globalisation and immigrants. This gender sensitive ethno-graphic account drawn from field-work in and around Copenhagen from September 1999 to May 2000. It is based upon conversations (not structured interviews) exploring habitus (and the symbolic forms of cultural capital) with Danish and Nor-wegians belonging to various classes and age groups within society. This piece of ethno-graphy draws upon Fabian’s performance theory and discusses how ideas about "danskhed" (Danishness) in "Janteloven" occupy wider institutional and discursive spaces in which theories and practices particulary in relation to the Self and the "Other" are inscribed.  


1987 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 339-356
Author(s):  
Ann Ferguson

The contemporary Women’s Movement has generated major new theories of the social construction of gender and male power. The feminist attack on the masculinist assumptions of cognitive psychology, psychoanalysis and most of the other academic disciplines has raised questions about some basic assumptions of those fields. For example, feminist economists have questioned the public/private split of much of mainstream economics, that ignores the social necessity of women’s unpaid housework and childcare. Feminist psychologists have challenged cognitive and psychoanalytic categories of human moral and gender development arguing that they are biased toward the development of male children rather than female children. Feminist anthropologists have argued that sex/gender systems, based on the male exchange of women in marriage, have socially produced gender differences in sexuality and parenting skills which have perpetuated different historical and cultural forms of male dominance. Feminist philosophers and theorists have suggested that we must reject the idea of a gender-free epistemological standpoint from which to understand the world. Finally radical feminists have argued that the liberal state permits a pornography industry that sexually objectifies women, thus legitimizing male violence against women.


2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Glick ◽  
Jessica Whitehead

Two studies examined how ambivalent gender ideologies, measured by the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) and Ambivalence Toward Men Inventory (AMI), relate to the perceived legitimacy and stability of gender hierarchy. Study 1 showed simple correlations of each ASI and AMI subscale with the perceived legitimacy of gender hierarchy, but only Hostility Toward Men (HM: A traditional, but unflattering view of men as domineering) predicted the perceived stability of gender hierarchy. In Study 2, experimentally priming HM (but not other gender ideologies) increased perceptions of the stability of gender hierarchy. Although HM derides men for acting in a domineering manner, it characterizes men as designed for dominance. By reinforcing the perceived stability of gender hierarchy, HM may undermine women’s motivation to seek change.


2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isra Yazicioglu

Miracle stories in sacred texts have been a source of both fascination and heated debate across religious traditions. Qur'anic miracle stories are especially interesting because they are part of a discourse that also de-emphasises the miraculous. By looking at how three scholars have engaged with Qur'anic miracle stories, I here investigate how these narratives have been interpreted in diverse and fruitful ways. The first part of the article analyses how two medieval scholars, al-Ghazālī (d. 505/1111) and Ibn Rushd (d. 595/1198), engaged with the implications of miracle stories. Taking his cue from miracle stories, al-Ghazālī offered a sophisticated critique of natural determinism and suggested that the natural order should be perceived as a constantly renewed divine gift. In contrast, Ibn Rushd dismissed al-Ghazālī’s critique as sophistry and maintained that accepting the possibility that the natural order might be suspended was an affront to human knowledge and science. In the second part, I turn to Bediuzzaman Said Nursi (1870–1960), whose interpretation offers a crystallisation of al-Ghazālī’s insights as well as, surprisingly, an indirect confirmation of Ibn Rushd's concerns about human knowledge and science. Nursi redefines the miraculous in light of miracle stories, and interprets them as reminders of ‘everyday miracles’ and as encouragements to improve science and technology in God's name.


2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 59-65
Author(s):  
Mark Juergensmeyer

Much of what Freud and Girard have said about the function of symbolic violence in religion has been persuasive. Even if one questions, as I do, Girard’s idea that mimetic desire is the sole driving force behind symbols of religious violence, one can still agree that mimesis is a significant factor. One can also agree with the theme that Girard borrows from Freud, that the ritualized acting out of violent acts plays a role in displacing feelings of aggression, thereby allowing the world to be a more peaceful place in which to live. But the critical issue remains as to whether sacrifice should be regarded as the context for viewing all other forms of religious violence, as Girard and Freud have contended.


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