FRENCH RESEARCHER FREDERIC LE PLAY AS THE FOUNDER OF SOCIOLOGY OF BASHKIR RACE

The subject of the article is the analysis of the state of the Bashkir patriarchal family as a representative part of Bashkir society in the middle of the 19th century, undertaken by the French sociologist Frédéric Le Play (1806–1882). The object of the research is his monographic study on this topic. The aim of the article is to determine the methods, which Le Play applied for studying the everyday life, economy and material culture of the Bashkirs, to analyze the facts, which he revealed and the conclusions he drew. The tasks proceeding from this goal are based on studying the features of the author's research methodology, empirical material, identifying original conclusions regarding the life support system of a large Bashkir family in the 19th century as a structural element of Bashkir society. The article shows the necessity of using methods of qualitative sociological analysis, applied by the author, in the domestic science. For the first time, a critical analysis of a previously unknown in the Russian historiography is given, its advantages and disadvantages are appreciated, as well as the possibilities of its use in the sociology of race and ethnic relations and anthropology of the Bashkirs.

Oscuras quimeras: metamorfosis e híbridos humano-animal en algunos textos de literatura hispanoamericana contemporánea

RESUMEN: Este estudio se propone investigar las distintas formas de construcción de identidades posthumanas a partir del elemento arquetípico de la metamorfosis y del híbrido humano-animal. Estas nuevas figuraciones rescatan una perspectiva acerca de lo animal procedente de un imaginario premoderno para deconstruir las categorías que han definido el sujeto humano a partir de la modernidad europea. En algunos textos publicados en los últimos veinte años, la mezcla entre especies plantea un nuevo concepto de identidad: por un lado, se examina cómo el devenir-animal se acompaña a la emancipación de la figura femenina y a la deconstrucción de la idea de familia patriarcal; por el otro, se exploran las conjunciones entre el híbrido humano-animal y el cyborg. ABSTRACT: This article aims to study the different ways of shaping posthuman identities, which originates from archetypical metamorphoses and human-animal hybrids. This new imaginary rescues a premodern perspective about the animal, in order to dismantle the boundaries that have defined the human subject since the European modern age. In some books published in the past twenty years, the interspecies encounter outlines a new identity concept. Firstly, the article examines how the becoming-animal concept merges with the feminine subject’s emancipation, as well as with the deconstruction of the patriarchal family structure; secondly, it explores the conjunctions between human-animal hybrids and cyborgs.

Christian Colonialism and Capitalism

The nineteenth century tells the story of Christian success in England and America. Victorian England set a model of patriarchal family virtue rooted in “biblical Christianity.” God rewarded it with industrial development and capitalist expansion in its colonial ventures. The Industrial Revolution advances these curricula’s crucial economic argument: economic success reveals God’s favor. England’s virtues also allowed it to avoid the political tumult that beset the European continent. England and the United States enjoyed religious revivals, and missionaries spread Christianity throughout the world. Colonialism opened the world to missionary evangelization in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The capitalist success of the United States reveals it as the beneficiary of Divine Providence. Nineteenth-century evangelicals not only asserted these claims but also saw Christian hegemony as a realistic aspiration.

Syrian Men’s Disability and Their Masculine Trajectories in the Context of Displacement in Jordan and Turkey

This article analyzes the relationship between men’s physical disability and the trajectories of negotiating masculinities in the context of Syrian refugee displacement in Jordan and Turkey. The article draws its analysis from the personal narratives of five displaced Syrian refugee men who sustained injuries during the war in Syria. It explores how Syrian refugee men with disabilities remake their masculine bodies and selves to create a new version of masculinity that responds to the changes in their socioeconomic circumstances and bodies. The article argues that the disabled Syrian refugee men went through multiple and contradictory masculine trajectories that intersect with multiple identities and different types of disability. Disabled Syrian refugee men’s emergent masculine embodiments created a version of masculinity that, although it adhered to the patriarchal family values of connectivity and intimacy, does not in its practice legitimate domination within the family and in the Syrian refugee community.

On the specificity of the worldview of Erzya and Moksha matrimonial myths

Mythology is the form of consciousness of the primitive and early class society, which reproduces the views of a human on cosmos, God, and society. The object of this research is Erzya and Moksha myths on matrimonial relations. The subject of this research is the specificity of the worldview of Erzya and Moksha myths founded on the matrimonial relations. Detailed analysis is conducted on the specificity of reflection of philosophical and sociological motifs in the Erzya and Moksha matrimonial myths that emerged in the context of formation of the patriarchal family based on the social, moral and legal norms of existence. The author also explores the uniqueness of matrimonial relations with deities and people. Which gives a conceptual perspective on the type and character of the ethnic family, and the role of family in human life. The conclusion is made that stating a family by deities and people is a continuation of creation of the world in the sphere of family and social life. The author’s special contribution to this research consists in the proof that the presence of the indicated aspect in the myth is the reflection of the naive idealistic ideas and spontaneous materialistic views; substantiation of the high humanistic status of a woman in family life; designation of the heroic traits given to a woman by birth as fundamental; comprehension of matrimonial relations between deities and people through the prism of co-creation. This article is first to analyze the peculiarities of the worldview of matrimonial myths and introducing it into the scientific context, which defines its novelty.

Li Qingzhao and A. P. Bunina: difficult fates of women’s poetry

Despite the fact that Li Qingzhao and Anna Petrovna Bunina were bound by neither geographical affiliation or time, their contemporaries called them the Chinese and Russian Sappho. This is substantiated by the consonance of their poems with the lyrics of the Ancient Greek poetess, sensuality of their poems, as well as their independent position atypical for the women of their eras. This article draws parallels between the biographies of the two prominent poetesses, each of whom is considered the founder of women's poetry in their homeland. Although both poetesses are widely known and considered the pioneers of women's literature, their works are compared virtually for the first time. Besides the high social status and good education, the poetesses are interrelated by the fact that their fates transgressed the traditional canon of women's behavior: instead of patriarchal family life, they have chosen creative self-realization. The uniqueness of their position, which placed them in the focus of public attention, and in a way made them pariahs, on the other hand gave them the freedom in choosing problematic and literary language. This allowed them to become the founders of women's poetry and develop their own literary style. Namely this circumstance typologically apposes the works of the two poetesses, which are eight centuries apart from each other. The theme of their poetry is remarkably similar; however, the imagery differs significantly, since it is justified by the literary tradition of their country.

Family and household songs in the Dargin folklore

The subject of this research is the family and household songs as one of the genre varieties of non-ritual lyrics in the Dargin folklore. They are thematically related with family life, household, customs and traditions of the Dargins. Their content reflects the typical aspects of patriarchal family of the prerevolutionary Dagestan, when due to the rigid local customary laws, women were deprived of the right to decide their fate; therefore, multiple songs resemble sadness, sorrow, suffering, and distress of the heroes. This article explores the thematic diversity of family and household songs in the Dargin folklore, their poetics and nature of visual-expressive means; as well as reveals their ideological-aesthetic, artistic, stylistic and compositional functions in poetry. The novelty of this research lies in introduction of Dargin family and household songs into the scientific discourse, as well as description of the uniqueness and poetic means and techniques used therein. Analysis of the songs demonstrated that the poetic system of song lyrics as a whole, and family-household in particular, are characterized by the use of such literary techniques as metaphor, epithet, symbols, contrasts, iteration, etc., which play a significant role in the poetic text, reflecting the emotional state and the depth of feelings of the lyrical heroes.

The Jihadis and the Family

Chapter 4 examines the ways in which the circumstances and dynamics of a family can affect the decisions and behavior of its members, including decisions leading to jihadism. Regarding Europeans jihadis, in many cases the analysis of their family background sheds light on their radicalization. Some configurations, such as the single-parent family or stepfamily, play a role in young people’s radicalization, particularly broken families, especially among Muslims living in ghettoized neighborhoods. Some people used family as the setting for their violent action: brothers, sisters, cousins, and, more exceptionally, fathers or mothers. For others, coming from broken families, jihadi violence was a continuation of family violence. In some cases, members of crisis-stricken families (brothers, cousins) were reconciled through their joint participation in jihadi action. Three types of families in crisis can be mentioned: the headless patriarchal family, the neo-traditional family, and the stepfamily. All of them are marked by the crisis of authority in the home, which can lead to feelings of guilt (self-blame) or injustice. These feelings, in some cases, can contribute to a person’s involvement in jihadism. One can also distinguish jihadi “fratriarchy” (brotherhood), and “jihadophile” families.