The seaweed resources of the Philippines

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 483-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavino C. Trono ◽  
Danilo B. Largo
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Seaweed Production ◽  
Loss Of Genetic Diversity ◽  
Culture Technology

Abstract This review paper presents information on the production status of economically important seaweed species in the Philippines, new culture technologies for Halymenia durvillei and also an examination of the present but limited use of Sargassum. The country recorded its highest production volume of seaweeds (mainly eucheumatoids) in 2011 amounting to 1,840,832 metric tons (fresh weight). In the subsequent years, the Philippines recorded a steady decline in production which can be attributed to epiphytism, loss of genetic diversity due to the culture methods used (i.e. vegetative propagation), political unrest in the main farming areas of the Southern Philippines, and the frequent occurrence of typhoons. The more than 200,000 ha of farmable areas along available coastlines remain to be tapped and evaluated in order to determine which areas are suitable for seaweed farming. The haphazard harvesting of Sargassum led to the proclamation of Fisheries Order No. 250 which prohibits harvesting of Sargassum. Exploitation of Gelidiela acerosa remains a concern as there is no currently available culture technology for the species. The lack of comprehensive records on Philippine seaweed production needs to be addressed and its diverse algal resources remain to be explored.

A post-disaster gendered value chain analysis on seaweed farming after Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ginbert Permejo Cuaton
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Rural Poor ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Super Typhoon ◽  
Seaweed Production ◽  
Post Disaster

Purpose Although half a decade have already passed following the devastation of super typhoon Haiyan in November 2013, limited studies on the status of the seaweed aquaculture industry have been reportedly published, specifically on the gendered differences of the key players in the production activities. The purpose of this empirical research is to present the different characteristics of producers; technology used in farming; gendered differences in labor; sources of propagules; and yield, productivity and income of seaweed farmers in five rural-poor coastal communities in Eastern Samar, the Philippines. Design/methodology/approach The data were gathered through a combination of fieldworks and desk research and were analyzed using a value chain and gender needs assessment analyses. A four-part, self-made guide questionnaire was used as an instrument. The data were presented and analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings The results demonstrate that the modified monoline method is the technology used by the seaweed farmers. Propagules are usually supplied for free by the BFAR or bought from neighboring villages. A monthly income of PhP 19,500.00 (US$393.00) can be generated from seaweed farming. Division of labors in most of the seaweed production processes is equally distributed between men and women with help from their boys-and-girls children. Increasing further the number of lines per seaweed grower to at least 25 will enable them to go beyond the poverty threshold, based on 2015 figures of the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Research limitations/implications This study provides additional empirical data to substantiate and prove that women’s active involvement in seaweed production provides them an important opportunity to earn some income for themselves and their families and contribute to livelihood and enterprise development in their communities. Practical implications This study is helpful in constructing an Industry Development Plan to serve as the Seaweed Industry Road Map for progress, thereby, helping men and women seaweed growers especially in rural-poor coastal areas. Social implications Aside from being conducted in a post-disaster context, the data and recommendations presented in this paper contribute to the body of knowledge that government and non-government institutions, private individuals and groups and the academia could use in understanding the economic, commercial and community development contributions, gaps and constraints in producing seaweed in rural-poor coastal communities. Originality/value This paper serves as an in-depth empirical study reflective of the post-disaster, current gendered labor practices, culture, knowledge and attitude of the seaweed producers in the Philippines. More importantly, this study was conducted by a local researcher, thereby reflecting empirical findings and recommendations that are strategic, gender and culture-sensitive and timely and relevant.

Resources for the conservation of Southeast Asian art

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Susan G. Swartzburg
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Political Unrest ◽  
Effects Of War ◽  
And Training ◽  
Regional Conservation

There is a desperate and urgent need to conserve works of art and documentary materials in Southeast Asia, where the rigours of the climate and the effects of war and political unrest have ravaged the cultural heritage. An initiative launched by Cornell University in Cambodia, with the intention of preserving documentary materials and training Cambodian librarians in conservation techniques, may result in the development of a badly-needed regional centre which would complement the National Archives of the Philippines, and the Regional Conservation Centres established by IFLA on the Pacific rim, in Australia and Japan. Information and expertise are available from UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM, ICOM, the Getty Conservation Institute, IIC, IADA, IPC, IFLA, ICA, and other international and US organisations.

scholarly journals THE UTILIZATION OF Halymenia durvillaei TO SUPPORT THE MANAGEMENT OF Eucheuma spinosum SEAWEED FARMING IN GEGER COASTAL AREA, BALI

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
I Komang Dianto ◽  
I Wayan Arthana ◽  
Ni Made Ernawati
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Coastal Area ◽  
Production Management ◽  
Measured Data ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Water Quality Data ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Seaweed Production ◽  
Control Water ◽  
Seaweed Culture

Seaweed farming activity is now facing some problems caused by pest fish herbivore and ice-ice disease. To solve those and improve our seaweed quality, seaweed production management requires some ecological technique improvements. The purpose of this study was to determine the functions of seaweed H. durvillaei for improving the production of the seaweed E. spinosum in the coastal area of Geger Beach, Peminge Village, South Kuta subdistrict, Badung regency, Bali. The measured data includes parameter of weight, length and water quality. Data was measured every 10 days for up to 40 days. The best growth result was shown by the model of E. spinosum that were fenced by H. durvillaei of 456 g for E. spinosum. H. durvillaei showed good impact on increasing the production of E. spinosum up to 68.7% compared to the control. Water quality conditions on seaweed culture was good with temperature ranged from 27.7 to 30.1°C, salinity from 30 to 32.3 ppt, DO from 3.9 to 5.5 ppm, pH from 7.9 to 8.4, current 0.1 to 0.2 m/s, and clearness of 100%.

Intelligent Testing Strategies for Chemicals Testing — A Case of More Haste, Less Speed?

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Combes ◽  
Michael Balls
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Production Volume ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Chemical Risk Assessment ◽  
Testing Strategies ◽  
Regulatory Risk Assessment

The prospects for using (Q)SAR modelling, read-across (chemical) and other non-animal approaches as part of integrated testing strategies for chemical risk assessment, within the framework of the EU REACH legislation, are considered. The potential advantages and limitations of (Q)SAR modelling and read-across methods for chemical regulatory risk assessment are reviewed. It is concluded that it would be premature to base a testing strategy on chemical-based computational modelling approaches, until such time as criteria to validate them for their reliability and relevance by using independent and transparent procedures, have been agreed. This is mainly because of inherent problems in validating and accepting (Q)SARs for regulatory use in ways that are analogous to those that have been developed and applied for in vitro tests. Until this issue has been resolved, it is recommended that testing strategies should be developed which comprise the integrated use of computational and read-across approaches. These should be applied in a cautious and judicious way, in association with available tissue culture methods, and in conjunction with metabolism and biokinetic studies. Such strategies should be intelligently applied by being driven by exposure information (based on bioavailability, not merely on production volume) and hazard information needs, in preference to a tick-box approach. In the meantime, there should be increased efforts to develop improved (Q)SARs, expert systems and new in vitro methods, and, in particular, ways to expedite their validation and acceptance must be found and prospectively agreed with all major stakeholders.

scholarly journals Commentary on Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility of the Philippines-instituted Arbitration under Annex vii to the unclos: A Discussion on Fact-Finding and Evidence

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Tiantian
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Arbitral Tribunal ◽  
Application Of Law ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Evidence Evaluation ◽  
Fact Finding ◽  
Evaluation Of Evidence ◽  
The Unclos

The Arbitral Tribunal in the arbitration instituted by the Philippines against China has issued its Award on Jurisdiction and Admissibility. Juridical practices have something in common. The arbitral proceedings generally comprise two indispensable stages: findings of fact and application of law. The production, collection, and evaluation of evidence serve a particular purpose: they are meant to enable the adjudicative body to find facts. Thus, evidence is meant to prove or disprove facts. This review paper aims to discuss evidence and fact-finding process in the Award. As a general rule, international judges or arbitrators have wide discretion in the evaluation of evidence, but the guiding principle of the rules governing evidence should be the principle of fair trial. The problems of evidence evaluation and fact-finding revealed in the Award would be much serious at the merits stage, thus have negative implications for the Tribunal to deliver its decision impartially.

scholarly journals Moving Seaweed Farms from Shallow to Deep Seawater to Cope with Warming and Diseases in Zanzibar. Current Socio-Economic and Cultural Barriers

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Makame Omar Makame ◽  
Ali Rashid Hamad ◽  
Muhammad Suleiman Said ◽  
Alice Mushi ◽  
Khadija Sharif
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
High Tide ◽  
Cultural Barriers ◽  
Deep Seawater ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Pemba Island ◽  
Seaweed Production ◽  
Water Space

This study aimed at identifying the climate and non-climate stressors affecting the seaweed farming practices. It also examines the deep water seaweed farming as a viable adaptation measure to these stressors and barriers that could constrained female seaweed farmers who are the majority. The study was carried out in six selected groups, two groups were from South District, Unguja Main Island (Furahiya Wanawake-Paje and Flower Group-Muungoni). And four groups were selected from Pemba Island (Tuwe Imara and Umoja Kazi- East Msuka and Ipo sababu and Umoja ni Nguvu – East Tumbe) from Micheweni District. These groups were selected because they participated in previous project implemented by Milele Zanzibar Foundation (MZF) and The Panje Project (TPP). Questionnaire interview collected various information related to the study from 111 seaweed farmers who are members of these groups. Information such as baseline seaweed production, climate change and diseases that affect seaweed production, farmer’s awareness on moving seaweed farms to deep water to cope with increasing warming and diseases and their capacity to swim as prerequisite for the adoption of this coping strategy. The focal group discussions were conducted in all six groups to collect various information to triangulate the findings collected from the questionnaire interview. The data obtained from three methods analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings show that seaweed farming production has declined at least over the last seven years. Climate change and its variability, diseases, over utilization of shallow water space for farming seaweed, COVID 19 and price has contributed a lot in the observed decline. Deep water (0.5 meter during low tide and 3-5 meters during high tide) seaweed farming seen as viable option to cope and adapt to increasing warming and diseases but its adoption especially amongst female seaweed farmers constrained by their limited capacity to swim and their limited ownership of the vessels. The study also identified other barriers such as age, gender and cultural factors that could constrained female seaweed farmers from participation in swimming and sea safety training. To facilitate adoption of the deep-water seaweed farming method amongst the seaweed farmers, concerted effort should be made to overcome the barriers that are likely to limit the massive adoption of this method.

scholarly journals The Philippine slime molds after Dogma’s 1975 list–How far have we been?

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Review Paper ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Check List ◽  
Slime Molds

One of the pioneering taxonomic works about the Philippine slime molds (that includes the myxomycetes and dictyostelids) were the annotated check list reported by Dogma in 1975 published in the Kalikasan – Philippine Journal of Biology. This report meaningfully contributed to the succeeding studies conducted with the Philippine slime molds after almost four decades of stagnancy. Hence, this review paper tackles how the studies regarding the Philippine slime molds progressed since Dogma’s 1975 annotation, particularly in further understanding the ecology and systematics of these fungus-like protist. At present day, the total number of myxomycetes species in the Philippines is 159 while the number of records for dictyostelids is 12.

“Sasi”

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-36
Author(s):  
Ivonne Raystika Gretha Kaya ◽  
Johannes Hutabarat ◽  
Azis Nur Bambang
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Resource Management ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
The West ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Seaweed Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

This article describes how seaweed farming is one of the primary livelihoods in the West Ceram Regency. This activity has been done by the local people and others since 2006. However, the competition over land use between the cultivators of the seaweed, groupers, and fishermen have caused declining seaweed production. Semi-structured interviews, in-depth interviews and participant observations were conducted with seaweed farmers, fishermen catch, grouper farmers, and the government (Marine and Fisheries Department) (n = 83) in three villages. An in-depth interview with seaweed farmers was performed to deepen the understanding of the working conditions and related problems. One way to resolve the seaweed farmers problem in Kotania Bay is by applying Molucass local wisdom, named sasi. Sasi is applied at the time of planting seaweed and called “Tutup Sasi” and called “Buka Sasi” at harvesting with Kewang control. Finally, the article concludes that the use of “sasi” can manage the competition and resolve conflict, ensure continued business, increase efficiency and provide equity resource management.

Coalitions of Political Unrest in the Philippines

1976 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 135-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. L. Boggs ◽  
F.W. Young
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Political Unrest

scholarly journals Understanding biosecurity: knowledge, attitudes and practices of seaweed farmers in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonalyn P. Mateo ◽  
Iona Campbell ◽  
Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook ◽  
Maria Rovilla J. Luhan ◽  
Victor Marco Emmanuel N. Ferriols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
The Other ◽  
Seaweed Farming ◽  
Attitudes And Practices ◽  
Kap Survey ◽  
Biosecurity Practices ◽  
Farming Industry ◽  
Knowledge Attitudes And Practices

AbstractFarmers are one of the most important components of any plant-based cultivation industry. The Philippines is one of the world’s major producers of red carrageenophyte algae and has tens of thousands of farmers involved in this industry. The production of algae such as Kappaphycus and Eucheuma increased significantly from the early 1970s, when the industry was established, before declining from the mid-2000s, due to a number of reasons, including disease and epiphyte outbreaks. The introduction of biosecurity measures has been one approach used to tackle this decline. Biosecurity-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of the seaweed farmers were assessed in the four highest seaweed producing regions in the Philippines: (1) Tawi-Tawi, (2) Palawan, (3) Zamboanga and (4) Bohol. Analyses showed that seaweed farmers from Tawi-Tawi had relatively higher KAP mean scores than the other three sites. Palawan and Bohol farmers, however, scored lower on their knowledge, higher on their attitude and highest on their practices compared with the other areas. Farmers from Zamboanga scored the lowest in both their attitude and practice mean scores, although their knowledge score was one of the highest. This is the first KAP assessment applied to the seaweed farming industry globally and the results, in which the farmers’ biosecurity-related knowledge and practices, which scored “Fair” (50–75%) across all the regions, and their attitudes, which scored predominantly “Good” (> 75%) suggest that there is potential to raise the score for biosecurity practices. This assessment highlights how biosecurity challenges are currently addressed by seaweed farmers in the Philippines and suggests how the KAP survey could be used as a tool by policymakers and scientists to address gaps in biosecurity management practices.

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