The impact of digital screen use on myopia progression in COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

The new coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) had a worldwide impact, this disease was affecting almost everyone's lives. It has caused many health issues to spiral out of control, one of them is myopia. Evidence suggests that myopia is impacted by environmental and lifestyle factors, with the importance of continuous usage of nearby digital screens being highlighted. The systematic review aims to analyze all the available information about the impact of digital screen use on myopia progression in a COVID-19 pandemic. The literature was searched from e-database PubMed and ScienceDirect. Quality assessment was done using the LEGEND (Let Evidence Guide Every New Decision) Evidence Evaluation Tools & Resources. A total of 10 papers were assessed qualitatively. The prevalence or incidence of myopia was reported in all ten studies. All of the studies discussed in this review suggest a relationship or impact between digital screen use and myopia progression. Four (40%) of the ten studies were cross-sectional, while the other six (60%) were cohort studies. The sample size ranged from 115 to 123535 participants. The majority of the participants in the studies were school-age children (primary and secondary school), but one study included university students. There were three studies involving subjects with myopia at baseline, one study involving subjects without myopia at baseline, and six studies involving subjects with myopia and without myopia. This systematic review shows that there is a significant progression of myopia as an impact of digital screen use during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Integrating Educational Games into College English Learning

Currently, the application of educational games is becoming a hot topic, but the application of educational games in college English learning is scarcely explored. To explore the integration of educational games into the college English teaching and learning process, this study adopted a rapid evidence evaluation review (Yu et al. 2020). Since the literature review is an important approach in qualitative sampling techniques, we have conducted a review to identify and synthesize the literature. It analyzed high-quality journal articles published internationally and nationally. We found that educational games were effective in enhancing students’ college English proficiency and learning attitudes. Meanwhile, playful experiences created by educational games could decrease cognitive loads in college English learning. This research provided some support for further implementation of educational games in the college English teaching and learning process.

PUBLIC SCIENCE EDUCATION: SOME MORE ROLES AND CONTRIBUTIONS

In previous editorial (Lakhvich, 2021) we have discussed three comprehensive roles of Science Education, determining its contribution to our life: if briefly, (1) Science Education gives the methodology to digest facts via the experiment, reasoning, and discussion; (2) Science Education gives rise to the development of logics, problem-solving skills, complements the command of language, social communication and etc.; (3) Science Education develops specific person’s thinking skills involved in inquiry, experimentation, evidence evaluation, speculation argumentation, and finally, inference. In this issue we pursue the topic discussing two more roles the Science Education contributes to our life

THE NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING SCIENCE

Scientific evidence-based reasoning has been recognized as a form of reasoning that characterizes scientific thinking. This study questioned what scientific evidence means in the various types of scientific activities; that is, this study explored the nature of scientific evidence (NOSE). To do this, previous studies were examined to understand how scientific evidence was analyzed, evaluated, and utilized during the scientific activities of scientists or students in scientific or everyday situations. Through this process, seven statements were identified to describe the NOSE. This study explains these seven NOSE statements, constructs a process of scientific evidence-based reasoning as a structured form by reflecting these seven statements comprehensively, and discusses the practical implications for teaching science in schools. Finally, the limitations of this study are discussed, and possible directions for future studies are suggested. It is believed that the list of NOSE characteristics can provide a starting point for further elucidation and discussion of scientific evidence and helping students’ science learning in more authentic ways. Keywords: evidence evaluation, evidence-based reasoning, evidence-based response, idea-based response, scientific evidence

Diversity’s Impact on the Quality of Deliberations

The present research builds on previous models of jury diversity’s benefits by exploring how diversity impacts the deliberation process. In Study 1, community members ( N = 433) participated in a jury decision-making study manipulating the strength of evidence (ambiguous vs. weak) and the diversity of the jury. When the evidence in the case was ambiguous, both white and black jurors made high-quality contributions to discussion in diverse juries than in nondiverse juries. In Study 2, undergraduate students ( N = 369) were randomly assigned to wealth and power conditions and then deliberated in diverse and nondiverse groups. Diverse juries were less likely to convict the defendant, and jurors on diverse juries made high-quality contributions to discussion. Although previous work has documented effects of diversity on high-status jurors’ contributions to deliberations, this work suggests that diversity may relate to more complex evidence evaluation for members of low-status groups as well.

Systematic evaluation of COVID-19 related Internet health rumors during the breaking out period of COVID-19 in China

Background: To adapt the scientific evaluation tool for the confusion evaluation of health rumors and to test this tool to the confusion evaluation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related health rumors on Chinese online platforms during the outbreak period of COVID-19in China. Methods: The design of our study was systematic evaluation of COVID-19-related health rumors. Retrieved from 7 rumor-repellent platforms, rumors about COVID-19 were collected during the publication from December 1, 2019, to February 6, 2020, and their origins were traced. Researchers evaluated rumors using the confusion evaluation tool in 6 dimensions(creators, evidence selection, evidence evaluation, evidence application, backing and publication platform, conflict of interest). Items were scored using a seven-point Likert scale. The scores were converted into percentages, and the median of rumors from different sources was compared with rank-sum test. Results: Our research included 127 rumors. Scores were converted to percentages, median and interquartile range are used to describe the data. The median score: creators 25.00%(interquartile range, IQR, 16.67-37.50%), evidence selection 27.78% (IQR, 13.89-44.44%),evidence evaluation 33.33% (IQR, 25.00-45.83%), evidence application 36.11% (IQR, 22.22-47.22%), backing and publication platform 8.33% (IQR, 4.17-20.83%), conflict of interest75.00% (IQR, 50.00-83.33%). Almost 40% rumors came from WeChat and the rumors with the lowest scores were concentrated on the WeChat platform. The rumors about prevention methods have relatively lower scores. Conclusion: Most rumors included were not highly confusing for evaluators of this project.WeChat is the "worst-hit area" of COVID-19 related health rumors. More than half rumors focus on the description of prevention methods, which reflects the panic, anxiety and blind conformity of the public under public health emergencies.

Have you considered the opposite? A debiasing strategy for judgment in criminal investigation

Fundamental challenges in human decision-making pose a serious threat to fair evidence evaluation, verdicts in court proceedings, and the administration of justice. Drawing on cognitive psychology, we examined whether a consider-the-opposite approach can assist police officers with positive guidance on how to implement crucial legal thresholds such as the presumption of innocence. In an experiment with sworn police officers ( N = 100), we compared a consider-the-opposite condition and a control condition (with no further instructions) and measured the formulated alternative hypotheses. The results show a promising debiasing effect of the consider-the-opposite approach which may strengthen fundamental principles of criminal law.

Performance Evaluation of Source Camera Attribution by Using Likelihood Ratio Methods

Performance evaluation of source camera attribution methods typically stop at the level of analysis of hard to interpret similarity scores. Standard analytic tools include Detection Error Trade-off or Receiver Operating Characteristic curves, or other scalar performance metrics, such as Equal Error Rate or error rates at a specific decision threshold. However, the main drawback of similarity scores is their lack of probabilistic interpretation and thereby their lack of usability in forensic investigation, when assisting the trier of fact to make more sound and more informed decisions. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate a transition from the similarity scores to likelihood ratios in the scope of digital evidence evaluation, which not only have probabilistic meaning, but can be immediately incorporated into the forensic casework and combined with the rest of the case-related forensic. Likelihood ratios are calculated from the Photo Response Non-Uniformity source attribution similarity scores. The experiments conducted aim to compare different strategies applied to both digital images and videos, by considering their respective peculiarities. The results are presented in a format compatible with the guideline for validation of forensic likelihood ratio methods.