Revisiting Zanzibari Seaweed

Well before island nations began to consider rising ocean levels, a feature of global climate change, they have been concerned with the allocation of water resources. The purpose of this chapter is to revisit the efforts of Zanzibar's academic, as well as private and public institutions, as they promote environmentally responsible entrepreneurial projects, while advancing women's economic empowerment. Analysis will examine the history of seaweed production and consider how Zanzibar's seaweed farmers have recently responded to the dislocations associated with global climate change. This discussion will also consider to what extent Zanzibari seaweed production reflects the norms enshrined in the United Nation's Rio + 20 platform, and the language of the UN's 2030 sustainable development goals.

Accelerated growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii using Sargassum aquifolium extract and its anatomical characteristics

Cokrowati N, Risjani Y, Firdaus M, Andayani S. 2021. Accelerated growth of Kappaphycus alvarezii using Sargassum aquifolium extract and its anatomical characteristics. Biodiversitas 22: 5195-5202. Cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed has been carried out in Ekas Bay of Jerowaru Sub-district, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia but its production has decreased in the last three years due to its slow growth. In 2014, seaweed production was 1,882,875.50 tons and in 2017 it was 1,037,000 tons. Efforts are needed to increase growth by providing growth triggers from marine natural ingredients, namely Sargassum aquifolium. These brown algae can be found in the waters of Ekas Bay, the numbers are abundant and untapped. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth of K. alvarezii given S. aquifolium extract. This research was conducted in the waters of Ekas Bay. The method used is experimental. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design with different treatments of K. alvarezii soaking time using S. aquifolium extract. The results showed that the growth of K. alvarezii given S. aquifolium extract increased and was significantly different between treatments. The highest absolute weight was 479 g in treatment A (soaking for 2 hours) and the lowest absolute weight was 181.25 g in treatment K (control). The highest growth rate occurred on the 18th day, namely 9.24% and the lowest was in the K treatment (control) which was 1.3%.

Review Artikel: Pemanfatan Limbah Organik Pasar Sebagai Prekursor Budidaya Lawi-Lawi Caulerpa lentillifera

Kebutuhan rumput laut dalam pasar domestik dan pasar internasional terus meningkat sesuai dengan data KKP pada tahun 2020, total produksi rumput laut pada tahun 2018 sebesar 213.422 ton, pada tahun 2019 sebesar 9.900.000 ton. Salah satu rumput laut yang memiliki prospek pemasaran yang cukup luas adalah lawi-lawi. Lawi-lawi Caulerpa lentillifera) merupakan spesies rumput laut hijau yang biasa dikenal dengan sebutan anggur laut dan tersebar di beberapa lautan tropis dan subtropis. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah (1) melakukan kajian literatur budidaya C. lentillifera di tambak dan (2) melakukan kajian peningkatan produktivitas tambak dengan memanfaatkan limbah organik sebagai sumber hara tambak. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaan kegiatan ini adalah melakukan literatur review, yaitu sebuah pencarian literatur baik nasional maupun internasional yang dilakukan dengan mereview jurnal, skripsi online dan buku. Berdasarkan hasil review dari 16 kajian yang didapat dari berbagai sumber, diantaranya 16 Jurnal (11 Jurnal Nasional dan 5 Jurnal Internasonal), 2 Skripsi Online dan 2 Buku didapatkan bahwa ada beberapa hal yang mempengaruhi pertumbuhan C. lentillifera yaitu, penggunaan zat pengatur tumbuh, bobot awal yang berbeda, salinitas dan jenis substrat dasar, ketersediaan unsur-unsur hara di tanah dan air, serta kedalaman yang berbeda The need for seaweed in the domestic market and the international market continues to increase according to KKP data in 2020, the total seaweed production in 2018 is 213,422 tons, in 2019 it is 9,900,000 tons. One of the seaweeds that has broad marketing prospects is lawi-lawi. Lawi-lawi Caulerpa lentillifera) is a species of green seaweed commonly known as sea grape and is distributed in several tropical and subtropical oceans. The objectives of this activity were (1) to study the literature on C. lentillifera cultivation in ponds and (2) to study the increase in pond productivity by utilizing organic waste as a source of pond nutrients. The method used in the implementation of this activity is to conduct a literature review, which is a literature search, both national and international, which is carried out by reviewing journals, online theses and books. Based on the results of reviews from 16 studies obtained from various sources, including 13 journals (8 National Journals and 5 International Journals), 1 Online Thesis and 1 Book, it was found that there were several things that influenced the growth of C. lentillifera, namely, the use of growth regulators, weight different bases, salinity and type of base substrate, availability of nutrients in soil and water, and different depths.

Moving Seaweed Farms from Shallow to Deep Seawater to Cope with Warming and Diseases in Zanzibar. Current Socio-Economic and Cultural Barriers

This study aimed at identifying the climate and non-climate stressors affecting the seaweed farming practices. It also examines the deep water seaweed farming as a viable adaptation measure to these stressors and barriers that could constrained female seaweed farmers who are the majority. The study was carried out in six selected groups, two groups were from South District, Unguja Main Island (Furahiya Wanawake-Paje and Flower Group-Muungoni). And four groups were selected from Pemba Island (Tuwe Imara and Umoja Kazi- East Msuka and Ipo sababu and Umoja ni Nguvu – East Tumbe) from Micheweni District. These groups were selected because they participated in previous project implemented by Milele Zanzibar Foundation (MZF) and The Panje Project (TPP). Questionnaire interview collected various information related to the study from 111 seaweed farmers who are members of these groups. Information such as baseline seaweed production, climate change and diseases that affect seaweed production, farmer’s awareness on moving seaweed farms to deep water to cope with increasing warming and diseases and their capacity to swim as prerequisite for the adoption of this coping strategy. The focal group discussions were conducted in all six groups to collect various information to triangulate the findings collected from the questionnaire interview. The data obtained from three methods analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings show that seaweed farming production has declined at least over the last seven years. Climate change and its variability, diseases, over utilization of shallow water space for farming seaweed, COVID 19 and price has contributed a lot in the observed decline. Deep water (0.5 meter during low tide and 3-5 meters during high tide) seaweed farming seen as viable option to cope and adapt to increasing warming and diseases but its adoption especially amongst female seaweed farmers constrained by their limited capacity to swim and their limited ownership of the vessels. The study also identified other barriers such as age, gender and cultural factors that could constrained female seaweed farmers from participation in swimming and sea safety training. To facilitate adoption of the deep-water seaweed farming method amongst the seaweed farmers, concerted effort should be made to overcome the barriers that are likely to limit the massive adoption of this method.

The Role of Online Social Media to Support Seaweed Farmers in Indonesia: A Conflict Resolution Strategy

The current study aims to introduce online social media to support seaweed farmers and as a conflict resolution strategy. Seaweed farmers have the power to develop seaweed because the product has a positive impact on the socioeconomic. This study observes the roles of online media in supporting seaweed production. This research found that an increase in seaweed production can improve the economic conditions of the community. The weaknesses of seaweed farmers are their low capital, low skills, low level of education, and low support for infrastructure. One skill required is the mastery of technology, especially online media. Online media are one of the vital tools that can help seaweed business processes. Therefore, seaweed farmers should know how to use online social media. The potential cultivation of seaweed is very much enhanced by a pattern of cooperation between seaweed farmers, other farmers, and other collaborations. The threats faced by the research area include the diminishing desire of the younger generation to cultivate seaweed, the very low skill related to using online social media, and extreme weather as an annual problem. We find that the role of online media is crucial to minimizing the risk factors for conflict.

Produksi Rumput Laut (Gracilaria verrucosa) Berdasarkan Perbedaan Jarak Tanam dan Bobot Bibit di Tambak Desa Tlogosadang, Kecamatan Paciran, Kabupaten Lamongan

This study aims to determine the highest production of planting Gracilaria verrucosa wich is cultivated in the ponds of Tlogosadang Village, Paciran Sub-District, Lamongan District by treating different spacings and initial seed weights. The cultivation method used was longline with a distance of 25 cm between longlines. The treatments were given in the form of spacings of 10 cm, 20 cm, and 30 cm, while the treatments of seed weights were 50 g, 100 g, and 150 g. Treatments were carried out in a pond measuring 20x5 m with a water depth between 90-102 cm depending on the tides. Sampling was conducted every 7 days for 50 days of maintenance by weighed, controlled, and measurement water quality. Before planting seaweed, pond preparation were carried out which included drying, liming, fertilizing to filling the water. This study used a Completely Randomized Factorial (CRF) Design consisted of two factors, namely spacing and seed weight, each with three levels. Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA showed that the treatment of spacing and seed weight gave a very significant difference (P <0.01), so it was continued with the Orthogonal Polynomial Test to see trends. The test results showed that the highest seaweed production was found at a spacing of 20 cm and a seed weight of 50 g, namely 2423.7 g/m. The water quality as a support for the growth of seaweed measured during the study showed that the waters ware classified as good and suitable for the cultivation of Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed. Keywords: Gracilaria verrucosa, longline, seaweed, seed weight, spacing

Socioeconomic factors affecting profitability of seaweed culture in Saint Martin Island of Bangladesh

Seaweed culture provides financial benefits and creates employment opportunity for coastal inhabitants of Bangladesh. This study was conducted to assess profitability and to determine the socioeconomic factors that affect the profitability of seaweed culture in the coastal region. Primary data were collected from 33 seaweed farmers for the study. The data were collected during the period of March 15 to March 31, 2018 through direct interviews and observation using a semi structured questionnaire and a check list. Both tabular and functional analyses were used to achieve the objectives of the study. It is evident from the study that seaweed culture is a profitable business. The total per square-meter cost of seaweed production was Tk. 1520 with a gross return of Tk. 2801.4 and net return was estimated at Tk. 1281.4 with a Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) 1.82. To estimate the contribution of different inputs on seaweed production through Cobb-Douglas production function, the explanatory variables considered were: bamboo cost, rope cost, human labour cost, repairing cost, age, experience, training, education and number of family members. Among these variables, labour and training were found positively significant at 1 percent level of significance with the regression coefficient of 0.209 and 0.556, respectively. This indicates that seaweed culture might be brought economic benefits of the community if they received more training and employ more labour. Therefore, policy should be focused on creating appropriate training arrangement and skilled labour to the coastal community for getting higher benefit. Seaweed farmers think that seaweed culture can be adopted as an alternative livelihood option if the government and other stakeholders help them with necessary supports for seaweed culture. Progressive Agriculture 31 (3): 227-234, 2020