A brief review on the erosion-corrosion behavior of engineering materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roshan Kuruvila ◽  
S. Thirumalai Kumaran ◽  
M. Adam Khan ◽  
M. Uthayakumar
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Material Loss ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Erosion Corrosion ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractThe efficiency of industry depends upon the working conditions of the equipment and components used in the industrial process. The biggest problems faced by the industries are the problems of erosion and corrosion. The harmful effects of corrosion will lead to material loss, which results from the degradation of the equipment. The degradation of the equipment will cause the breakdown of the plant; moreover, it is a threat to the safety of people, and also from the point of conservation, it can cause the exploitation of available resources. The cost of replacing equipment increases the expense, and it can also result in the temporary shutdown of the plant. The protection of surfaces from the adverse effects of corrosion and erosion-corrosion is a matter of great concern in most industrial applications. Advancements in technology provides a wide range of techniques to overcome adverse conditions. The selection of appropriate technology must be from the viewpoint of their interaction with the environment. This review paper addresses the adverse effects of erosion-corrosion in the present scenario.

Prescreening in large populations as a tool for identifying elevated CO2-responsive genotypes in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Shimono ◽  
Graham Farquhar ◽  
Matthew Brookhouse ◽  
Florian A. Busch ◽  
Anthony O'Grady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Selection ◽  
Co2 Concentration ◽  
Elevated Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Active Selection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) can stimulate the photosynthesis and productivity of C3 species including food and forest crops. Intraspecific variation in responsiveness to e[CO2] can be exploited to increase productivity under e[CO2]. However, active selection of genotypes to increase productivity under e[CO2] is rarely performed across a wide range of germplasm, because of constraints of space and the cost of CO2 fumigation facilities. If we are to capitalise on recent advances in whole genome sequencing, approaches are required to help overcome these issues of space and cost. Here, we discuss the advantage of applying prescreening as a tool in large genome×e[CO2] experiments, where a surrogate for e[CO2] was used to select cultivars for more detailed analysis under e[CO2] conditions. We discuss why phenotypic prescreening in population-wide screening for e[CO2] responsiveness is necessary, what approaches could be used for prescreening for e[CO2] responsiveness, and how the data can be used to improve genetic selection of high-performing cultivars. We do this within the framework of understanding the strengths and limitations of genotype–phenotype mapping.

Industrial construction. Buildings and constructions. Corrosion protection and ecology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksey Zhukov ◽  
Vladimir Astashkin ◽  
Vil'en Zholudov ◽  
Vyacheslav Semenov
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Protection ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Training System ◽  
Industrial Construction ◽  
Technical Schools ◽  
Industrial Buildings ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modern Experience ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

This monograph summarizes the modern experience of protection of industrial buildings and structures against aggressive impacts are considered characteristic of corrosion processes under the action of liquid, solid and gaseous environments on the main building materials. Provides a system of regulating the degree of aggressiveness for different parts of buildings and constructions basic provisions for the selection of chemically resistant structures and materials, design methodology section corrosion protection. Systematic design methods of protecting groundwater and soil against aggressive and toxic media, the methods of accounting for the cost of corrosion protection as applied to building elements. Designed for a wide range of engineering-technical workers (ITR), related to design, construction and exploitation of constructions and structures. Can also be used as a textbook for technical schools, colleges and training system engineers.

scholarly journals Data Quality Control Based on Self-Consistency

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
pp. 3974-3991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold Steinacker ◽  
Dieter Mayer ◽  
Andrea Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Data Quality Control ◽  
Data Application ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Model Independent ◽  
The Cost ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Conducting meteorological measurements, one is always confronted with a wide variety of different types of errors and with the decision of how to correct data for further use, if necessary. The selection of an adequate quality control (QC) procedure out of a wide range of methodologies depends on the properties of the observed parameter such as spatial or temporal consistency. But the intended data application (e.g., model-independent data analysis) or the availability of prior knowledge also has to be taken into account. The herein-presented self-consistent and model-independent QC process makes use of the spatial and temporal consistency of meteorological parameters. It is applicable to measurements featuring a high degree of autocorrelation with regard to the resolution of the observational network in space and time. The presented QC procedure can mathematically be expressed as an optimization problem minimizing the curvature of the analyzed field. This results in a matrix equation that can be solved without needing to converge iterations. Based on the resulting deviations and, if applied, on their impacts on the cost function, station values are accepted, corrected, or identified as outliers and hence dismissed. Furthermore, it is pointed out that this method is able to handle complicated station distributions, such as clustered stations or inhomogeneous station densities. This QC method is not only an appropriate tool for case studies but also for model validation and has been proving itself as a preprocessing tool for operational meso- and micrometeorological analyses.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE PREFERENCE OF PRIVATE HOSPITALS TO PUBLIC HOSPITALS IN OMAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheikha Mohammed Ali Al-Balushi ◽  
M Firdouse Rahman Khan
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
The Public ◽  
Periodic Inspection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Purpose: The objectives of the study are to analyze the factors which influence patients to go to private hospitals against public hospitals of Oman and to analyze the expectations of patients from the integrated public hospitals in Oman.Design/methodology/approach: The study was carried out with a well-defined questionnaire through which 251 survey samples were collected on a random sampling basis.Findings: The results of the study reveal that there is an association between the selection of hospital and services and the cost of the services offered in the hospital and it is found that the cost of services incurred makes an impact in the selection of hospital for medical treatment. The study also revealed that in private hospitals patients could easily approach anyone including the reception staff and all are helpful, and the private hospitals are equipped with modern equipment, and doctors treat patients in a friendly manner.Research limitations/Implications: The majority of the population taken for the study are aged above 20 years, and the samples were collected from selected regions of Oman, and wide range collection of samples from all the regions will help to improve the solution.Social implications: The study suggests that sufficient medicines should be provided in all the public health centers and periodic inspection should be conducted at regular intervals to improve the standards of the public health Centers and Government Hospitals concerning cleanliness, treatments and the front line services.Originality/Value: No study has examined the causes for the hospital selection delay in the construction projects of Oman, and it is a first-hand study of its kind and the results will be useful to the stakeholders.

scholarly journals Application and Selection of Remediation Technology for OCPs-Contaminated Sites by Decision-Making Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 1888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junping Tian ◽  
Zheng Huo ◽  
Fengjiao Ma ◽  
Xing Gao ◽  
Yanbin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Economic Indicator ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Cement Kiln ◽  
Remediation Technology ◽  
Selection Of

The production and use of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) for agricultural and industrial applications result in high levels of their residues, posing a significant risk to environmental and human health. At present, there are many techniques for OCP-contaminated soil remediation. However, the remediation of contaminated sites may suffer from a series of problems, such as a long recovery cycle, high costs, and secondary pollution, all of which could affect land redevelopment and reuse. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate technology is crucial for contaminated sites. In order to improve and support decision-making for the selection of remediation techniques, we provide a decision-making strategy for the screening of remediation techniques of OCP-contaminated sites. The screening procedure is proposed based on combining the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and the technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS). The screening indexes include economic indicator, environmental indicator, and technical indicator. The assessment results show that co-processing in cement kiln obtained the highest overall score and was thus considered to be the most sustainable option. This suggested remediation technology was similar to the practical remediation project, indicating that the screening method could be applied for the selection of remediation technologies for sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants.

Selection of Activated Charcoal Products for the Treatment of Poisonings

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 358-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Karl McFarland ◽  
Peter A. Chyka
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Clinical Significance ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Product Selection ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Powdered Form ◽  
Selection Of

OBJECTIVE: To determine if differences exist among currently available activated charcoal products, and if an evaluation of risk versus benefit provides a guide to product selection. DESIGN: National survey by mail. PARTICIPANTS: US manufacturers of activated charcoal products. RESULTS: Six companies market activated charcoal products in ready-to-use containers. The products differ in surface area of charcoal, sorbitol content, and packaging (aqueous or powdered form). No significant differences were noted in the cost of 25- to 30-g units or efficacy based on surface area of activated charcoal. The addition of sorbitol to activated charcoal, particularly at high concentrations, increases the incidence of adverse effects, especially in children. CONCLUSIONS: Although differences do exist among currently marketed activated charcoal products, the clinical significance of these variations is unknown. Based on an evaluation of risks and benefits, any activated charcoal product that does not contain sorbitol appears to be a suitable choice for treating poisoning victims.

scholarly journals Design and fabrication of low-cost micromachining system for prototyping printed circuit boards

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhinesh S K ◽  
◽  
Senthil Kumar K L ◽  
Megalingam A ◽  
Gokulraj A P ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Printed Circuit Boards ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Circuit Boards ◽  
Printed Circuit ◽  
Milling Operation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Printed circuit boards (PCBs) have a portentous position in constructing modern electronic equipment. Currently, chemical etching is the process used to produce PCBs at huge volumes, which is not suitable for preparing prototypes. The working environment is also not an encouraging one. There is no economical way to manufacture PCBs in low volumes, which is the basic requirement for Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs). Prototyping the desired circuit boards, prior to the mass production, is essential to avoid major losses by producing faulty designs. Developing a low-cost machine for prototyping PCBs may overcome these drawbacks. Hence, in this work, a machine capable of performing PCB mechanical milling operation on wide range of materials like copper/epoxy boards and flexible substrates has been developed. The machine developed is capable of milling lines that are 0.3 mm in width and 0.46 mm in depth. The performance of the machine reveals that it can mill any complex shapes and designs with expected accuracy. Selection of hardware components according to the needs would reduce the cost and programming snag further, which makes it affordable to SMEs.

scholarly journals Approaches to evaluation of changes in capital structure in industrial branches

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 259-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Landa ◽  
Dana Martinovičová
Keyword(s):  
Capital Structure ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Cost Of Capital ◽  
Joint Effect ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Capital structure is described as a relation between equity and debts while the mutual consequences among items of company’s assets and resources employed as well as the cost of capital are also taken into account. Both, the theory and practice, at evaluation of approaches to capital structure are focu­sed on creation and optimization of capital structure. Relatively less frequent approach is the analy­sis of a state and of changes in capital structure on the level of whole business branch. But on this basis, it is possible to investigate some “average” approaches to selection of financial resources. At ca­pi­tal structure optimization (the proportion between equity and debts), a wide range of criteria plays a substantial role, e.g. cost of capital, risk, expected profitability, liquidity, dividend policy. These criteria have joint effect. This way, a logic question which criteria are preferred more and which criteria are preferred less appears. The article deals with the analysis of capital structure of three branches of manufacturing industry (the branch of production of plastics, the branch of production of electric equipments, the branch of production of textile) in the years 2007–2009 with the special focus on development of financial structure, capital structure and on cost of capital.

Short Films from a Small Nation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Claire Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Actor Network Theory ◽  
Documentary Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Short Films ◽  
Post War ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Art And Architecture

The first book-length study in English of a national corpus of state-sponsored informational film, this book traces how Danish shorts on topics including social welfare, industry, art and architecture were commissioned, funded, produced and reviewed from the inter-war period to the 1960s. For three decades, state-sponsored short filmmaking educated Danish citizens, promoted Denmark to the world, and shaped the careers of renowned directors like Carl Th. Dreyer. Examining the life cycle of a representative selection of films, and discussing their preservation and mediation in the digital age, this book presents a detailed case study of how informational cinema is shaped by, and indeed shapes, its cultural, political and technological contexts.The book combines close textual analysis of a broad range of films with detailed accounts of their commissioning, production, distribution and reception in Denmark and abroad, drawing on Actor-Network Theory to emphasise the role of a wide range of entities in these processes. It considers a broad range of genres and sub-genres, including industrial process films, public information films, art films, the city symphony, the essay film, and many more. It also maps international networks of informational and documentary films in the post-war period, and explores the role of informational film in Danish cultural and political history.

COMBINATORIAL POLYNOMIALLY COMPUTABLE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUBSTITUTIONS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
VLADIMIR NIKONOV ◽  
◽  
ANTON ZOBOV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Expectation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Small Range ◽  
Computational Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bijective Function ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Element Base ◽  
Selection Of

The construction and selection of a suitable bijective function, that is, substitution, is now becoming an important applied task, particularly for building block encryption systems. Many articles have suggested using different approaches to determining the quality of substitution, but most of them are highly computationally complex. The solution of this problem will significantly expand the range of methods for constructing and analyzing scheme in information protection systems. The purpose of research is to find easily measurable characteristics of substitutions, allowing to evaluate their quality, and also measures of the proximity of a particular substitutions to a random one, or its distance from it. For this purpose, several characteristics were proposed in this work: difference and polynomial, and their mathematical expectation was found, as well as variance for the difference characteristic. This allows us to make a conclusion about its quality by comparing the result of calculating the characteristic for a particular substitution with the calculated mathematical expectation. From a computational point of view, the thesises of the article are of exceptional interest due to the simplicity of the algorithm for quantifying the quality of bijective function substitutions. By its nature, the operation of calculating the difference characteristic carries out a simple summation of integer terms in a fixed and small range. Such an operation, both in the modern and in the prospective element base, is embedded in the logic of a wide range of functional elements, especially when implementing computational actions in the optical range, or on other carriers related to the field of nanotechnology.

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