A note on the words in the Baltic languages for some of the most ancient European grain legume crops

Aleksandar Mikic

doi:10.1515/dialect-2014-0003

A note on the words in the Baltic languages for some of the most ancient European grain legume crops

Dialectologia et Geolinguistica ◽

10.1515/dialect-2014-0003 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Aleksandar Mikic

Keyword(s):

Faba Bean ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Linguistic Evidence ◽

Legume Crops ◽

The Baltic

AbstractThe words denoting the most ancient European grain legumes, such as ‘pea’, ‘lentil’ or ‘faba bean’, in both extinct and living Baltic languages confirm that these crops were cultivated among the ancestors of the modern Lithuanians and Latvians. The words denoting ‘pea’, such as Lithuanian žirnis and Latvian zirņi, are derived from the Proto-Baltic *žir̂n-ia- and the Proto-Indo-European *g'er[a]n-, denoting grain. The Proto-Indo-European root denoting ‘lentil’, *lent-, gave the Proto-Baltic *leñšia- and the modern Lithuanian lęšis and the Latvian lēca. The linguistic evidence confirms that the Old Balts transferred both grain legume crops and their names to their Finno-Ugric neighbours.

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Comparison of winter cereal, oilseed and grain legume crops on the Darling Downs, Queensland

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9860339 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (3) ◽

pp. 339 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J Harbison ◽

BD Hall ◽

RGH Nielsen ◽

WM Strong

Keyword(s):

Faba Bean ◽

Acid Soil ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Heavy Rain ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Winter Cereal ◽

Grain Yields ◽

Pod Shattering ◽

Cereal Grain

Performances of 18 winter cereal, grain legume and oilseed crops were compared on the Darling Downs in 1976 using cultural practices appropriate for each. All crops, except for faba bean, which had a lower population than desired, established satisfactorily. The season was characterised by twice the average number (55) of heavy frosts, although only safflower appeared to be adversely affected. Heavy rain around maturity caused lodging of the prostrate crops lathyrus and field pea, some pod shattering of most grain legumes, and delays in machine-harvest, due to waterlogging, of almost all crops. Barley and canary seed were affected by powdery mildew during August and early September but recovered after rain in mid-September. Later rainfall promoted the diseases Alternaria carthami in safflower and Puccinia sp. in vetch, reducing grain yields in both crops. Except for chickpea, all grain legumes nodulated effectively. Lathyrus produced more larger ( >3 mm diameter) nodules than any other grain legume while lentil and vetch had many small (<2 mm) nodules. At floral initiation, more herbage DM was produced by triticale and oats than all other crops except barley and fieldpea. The most productive grain legumes were fieldpea, lathyrus and lentil. All oilseeds produced similar quantities of herbage DM, which were greater than those for grain legumes but less than those for cereals. Nitrogen concentration in herbage increased in the order: cereals < oilseeds <grain legumes. Machine-harvested grain yields of cereals were generally higher than those of oilseeds or grain legumes but delayed harvest caused large grain losses for many oilseeds and grain legumes. Pod shattering and crop lodging caused large yield losses in rapeseed and field peas, respectively. Lupins (cv. Ultra) produced more harvestable grain (1.6 t/ha) than any other grain legume, rapeseed, safflower or canary seed. An even higher grain yield (3.9 t/ha) was measured at a nearby site on an acid soil. Of the other grain legumes, lentil and lathyrus appear to be poorly adapted for this region while faba bean and vetch appear moderately well suited.

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Growth responses of cool-season grain legumes to transient waterlogging

Australian Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.1071/ar06330 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 58 (5) ◽

pp. 406 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Z. Solaiman ◽

T. D. Colmer ◽

S. P. Loss ◽

B. D. Thomson ◽

K. H. M. Siddique

Keyword(s):

Faba Bean ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Sand Culture ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Cool Season ◽

Waterlogging Tolerance ◽

Root Porosity ◽

Root And Shoot Growth ◽

Gas Volume

Transient waterlogging reduces the yield of cool-season grain legumes in several parts of the world. The tolerance of grain legumes to waterlogging may vary between and within species. This study investigated the effects of 7 days of waterlogging and subsequent recovery (10 days) on plant growth to evaluate the variation in tolerance among 7 cool-season grain legume species, in sand culture in glasshouse experiments. Additionally waterlogging tolerance of 6 faba bean genotypes was also evaluated. Tolerance to waterlogging as indicated by root and shoot growth (as % of drained controls) was ranked as follows: faba bean > yellow lupin > grass pea > narrow-leafed lupin > chickpea > lentil > field pea. Faba bean produced adventitious roots and aerenchyma leading to increased root porosity (9% gas volume per unit root volume). Among the 6 faba bean genotypes screened, accession 794 showed the best waterlogging tolerance, but it was also the slowest growing accession, which might have contributed to apparent tolerance (i.e. growth as % drained control). It is concluded that waterlogging tolerance in grain legumes varied between and within species, with faba bean being the most tolerant. The variation in tolerance identified within the limited set of faba bean genotypes evaluated suggests scope for further genetic improvement of tolerance in this species.

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Grain legume crop history among Slavic nations traced using linguistic evidence

Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding ◽

10.17221/212/2013-cjgpb ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 50 (No. 2) ◽

pp. 65-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Mikić

Keyword(s):

Short Note ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Leguminous Plant ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Field Bean ◽

Crop History ◽

Slavic Languages ◽

Legume Crop ◽

Linguistic Evidence ◽

The Common

With Proto-Slavic and other Proto-Indo-European homelands close to each other and on the routes of domestication of the first cultivated grain legumes, now known as pulses, one may assume that the ancestors of the modern Slavic nations knew field beans, peas or lentils quite well. The main goal of this short note was to examine the origin and the diversity of the words denoting field bean, pea and lentil in most of the modern Slavic languages. The common ancestor of all modern Slavic words denoting field bean is the Proto-Slavic *bobŭ, derived from the Proto-Indo-European *bhabh-, bhabhā, also denoting field bean and meaning literally something swelling. The Proto-Slavic root *gorhŭ, denoting pea, is the origin of the words denoting pea in all the Slavic languages and was derived from the Proto-Indo-European *ghArs-, ghers-2, that denoted a leguminous plant in general. The words denoting lentil in the modern Slavic languages form two etymologically distinct groups. The first one owes the origin to the Proto-Slavic *lętjā, also denoting lentil and deriving from the Proto-Indo-European root *lent-, *lent-s-, with the same meaning. Another group has its origin in the Proto-Slavic *sočevicа, somehow related to the Proto-Slavic *sòkŭ, denoting juice. This short thesaurus is a testimony of the significant role the most ancient Eurasian grain legumes, such as field bean, pea and lentil, have been playing in the everyday life of the modern Slavic nations.

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Controlled Environments as an Adjunct to Field Research on Lentils (Lens culinaris) I. Perspectives, Tenets and Objectives

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700011819 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 363-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

R. J. Summerfield ◽

F. J. Muehlbauer

Keyword(s):

Lens Culinaris ◽

Crop Improvement ◽

Field Research ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Controlled Environment ◽

Legume Crops ◽

The Usa ◽

Controlled Environments

SUMMARYOur experience with potentially tropic-adapted grain legumes leads us to hypothesize that ‘with appropriate and sufficiently proven technology, developed specifically for the purpose, controlled environment facilities can be a powerful adjunct to field research and so assist in the attainment of crop improvement objectives in lentils’. This contribution comments on the ‘adaptation’ of grain legume crops to their environments, describes current lentil production in the USA and elsewhere, and discusses the tenets and objectives of a programme of research devoted to the ultimate release of lentil genotypes that are well adapted to the environments for which they are intended.

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Grain yield and cadmium concentration of a range of grain legume species grown on two soil types at Merredin, Western Australia

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea03137 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 45 (9) ◽

pp. 1167 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. F. Brennan ◽

R. J. French

Keyword(s):

Western Australia ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Cadmium Concentration ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

Field Pea ◽

Lupinus Luteus ◽

Soil Types ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Red Clay ◽

Yellow Lupin

Five grain legumes species, narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), and yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), were grown on 2 soil types, a red clay and red duplex soil, in the < 400 mm rainfall district of Western Australia. The study showed that chickpea, field pea and faba bean accumulated less cadmium (Cd) in dried shoots and grain than narrow-leafed lupin. Yellow lupin had Cd concentrations ~3 times higher in dried shoots and ~9 times higher in grain than narrow-leafed lupin. For both experiments, the ranking (lowest to highest) of mean Cd concentration (mg Cd/kg) in the grain was: chickpea (0.017) < field pea (0.024) = faba bean (0.024) < narrow-leafed lupin (0.033) < yellow lupin (0.300).

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The Critical Period of Weed Control in Faba Bean and Chickpea in Mediterranean Areas

Weed Science ◽

10.1614/ws-d-12-00137.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

pp. 452-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Alfonso S. Frenda ◽

Paolo Ruisi ◽

Sergio Saia ◽

Benedetto Frangipane ◽

Giuseppe Di Miceli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Critical Period ◽

Yield Loss ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Mediterranean Areas ◽

Full Flowering ◽

Legume Crops ◽

Loss Level

Weeds are often the major biological constraint to growing legume crops successfully, and an understanding of the critical period of weed control (CPWC) is important for developing environmentally sustainable weed management practices to prevent unacceptable yield loss. Therefore, we carried out two field experiments to identify the CPWC for two grain legume crops traditionally grown in Mediterranean areas: chickpea and faba bean. The experiments were conducted at two sites both located in the Sicilian inland (Italy). In chickpea, when weeds were left to compete with the crop for the whole cycle, the grain yield reduction was on average about 85% of the weed-free yield, whereas in faba bean the reduction was less severe (on average about 60% of the weed-free yield). The onset of the CPWC at a 5% yield loss level varied by species, occurring later in faba bean than in chickpea (on average, 261 and 428 growing degree days after emergence for chickpea and faba bean, respectively). In both species, the end of the CPWC occurred at the early full-flowering stage when the canopy of each crop enclosed the interrow space. On the whole, the CPWC at a 5% yield loss level ranged from 50 to 69 d in chickpea and from 28 to 33 d in faba bean. The results highlight the fact that faba bean has a higher competitive ability against weeds than chickpea. This could be attributable both to more vigorous early growth and to the plant's greater height, both factors related to a greater shading ability and, consequently, to a better ability to suppress weeds.

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NITROGEN FIXATION OF GRAIN LEGUMES DIFFERS IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN FERTILISATION

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479716000685 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 54 (1) ◽

pp. 66-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

SILVIA PAMPANA ◽

ALESSANDRO MASONI ◽

MARCO MARIOTTI ◽

LAURA ERCOLI ◽

IDUNA ARDUINI

Keyword(s):

Nitrogen Fixation ◽

Grain Legumes ◽

White Lupin ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Field Bean ◽

Nitrogen Fertilisation ◽

N Supply ◽

Nodule Biomass ◽

Legume Crops ◽

The Impact

SUMMARYLegume crops are not usually fertilised with mineral N. However, there are at least two agronomic cases when it would be advantageous to distribute N fertiliser to legume crops: at sowing, before the onset of nodule functioning, and when a legume is intercropped with a cereal. We highlight the impact of various levels of fertiliser nitrogen on grain yield, nodulation capacity and biological nitrogen fixation in the four most common grain legume crops grown in central Italy. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), field bean (Vicia faba L. var. minor), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) were grown in soil inside growth boxes for two cropping seasons with five nitrogen fertilisation rates: 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg ha−1. In both years, experimental treatments (five crops and five levels of N) were arranged in a randomised block design. We found that unfertilised plants overall yielded grain, total biomass and nitrogen at a similar level to plants supplied with 80–120 kg ha−1 of mineral nitrogen. However, above those N rates, the production of chickpea, pea and white lupin decreased, thus indicating that the high supply of N fertiliser decreased the level of N2 fixed to such an extent that the full N2-fixing potential might not be achieved. In all four grain legumes, the amount of N2 fixed was positively related to nodule biomass, which was inversely related to the rate of the N fertiliser applied. The four grain legumes studied responded differently to N fertilisation: in white lupin and chickpea, the amount of nitrogen derived from N2 fixation linearly decreased with increasing N supply as a result of a reduction in nodulation and N2 fixed per unit mass of nodules. Conversely, in field bean and pea, the decrease in N2 fixation was only due to a reduction in nodule biomass since nodule fixation activity increased with N supply. Our results suggest that the legume species and the N rate are critical factors in determining symbiotic N2-fixation responses to N fertilisation.

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Agroinfiltration for transient gene expression and characterisation of fungal pathogen effectors in cool-season grain legume hosts

Plant Cell Reports ◽

10.1007/s00299-021-02671-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Johannes W. Debler ◽

Bernadette M. Henares ◽

Robert C. Lee

Keyword(s):

Broad Spectrum ◽

Faba Bean ◽

Fluorescent Protein ◽

Transient Gene Expression ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Effector Proteins ◽

Field Pea ◽

Grain Legume ◽

Pathogen Effectors ◽

Green Fluorescent

Abstract Key message Modified pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vectors were used for agroinfiltration in legumes. We demonstrate protein expression and export in pea, lentil, and faba bean; however, the method for chickpea was not successful. Abstract Agroinfiltration is a valuable research method for investigating virulence and avirulence effector proteins from pathogens and pests, where heterologous effector proteins are transiently expressed in plant leaves and hypersensitive necrosis responses and other effector functions can be assessed. Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used for agroinfiltration and the characterisation of broad-spectrum effectors. The method has also been used in other plant species including field pea, but not yet developed for chickpea, lentil, or faba bean. Here, we have modified the pEAQ-HT-DEST1 vector for expression of 6 × histidine-tagged green-fluorescent protein (GFP) and the known necrosis-inducing broad-spectrum effector necrosis and ethylene-inducing peptide (Nep1)-like protein (NLP). Modified pEAQ-based vectors were adapted to encode signal peptide sequences for apoplast targeting of expressed proteins. We used confocal microscopy to assess the level of GFP expression in agroinfiltrated leaves. While at 3 days after infiltration in N. benthamiana, GFP was expressed at a relatively high level, expression in field pea and faba bean at the same time point was relatively low. In lentil, an expression level of GFP similar to field pea and faba bean at 3 days was only observed after 5 days. Chickpea leaf cells were transformed at low frequency and agroinfiltration was concluded to not be successful for chickpea. We concluded that the pEAQ vector is suitable for testing host-specific effectors in field pea, lentil, and faba bean, but low transformation efficiency limits the utility of the method for chickpea.

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