Modified Description of Soil Processes vs. Quality of Numerical Weather Forecasts - “Bare Soil” Case

Abstract Soil and atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) interact with each other and influence on physical processes in soil and atmosphere. Current parameterization of soil physical processes in TERRA_ML (multilayer soil module of COSMO meteorological model) was prepared more than 40 years ago and did not give satisfactory forecast results. New parameterizations should involve physical processes in the soil (microphysics processes in soil, fluid dynamics in porous media, soil dynamics, etc.), water cycle in soil and soil-plant-water relation. The aim of this project was to improve current soil parameterization in the COSMO model, called “TERRA_ML”. The results of the work, related to the parameterization of physical processes of bare soil evaporation, vertical and horizontal water transport in soil and a runoff from soil layers, are presented in this paper. In order to eliminate underestimation of evaporation from soil in the afternoon and overestimation evaporation from soil in the morning a correction time-depending factor was also introduced. In this way, theoretical description of vertical water transport in soil is improved with temperature dependency of hydraulic diffusivity for different sort of soil.

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Changes in Terrestrial Evaporation across Poland over the Past Four Decades Dominated by Increases in Summer Months

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources11010006 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 6

Author(s):

Urszula Somorowska

Keyword(s):

Water Cycle ◽

Kendall Test ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Resources Management ◽

The Past ◽

Fundamental Understanding ◽

Bare Soil Evaporation ◽

Precipitation Increase ◽

Interception Loss ◽

June July

Given the importance of terrestrial evaporation (ET) for the water cycle, a fundamental understanding of the water quantity involved in this process is required. As recent observations reveal a widespread ET intensification across the world, it is important to evaluate regional ET variability. The specific objectives of this study are the following: (1) to assess annual and monthly ET trends across Poland, and (2) to reveal seasons and regions with significant ET changes. This study uses the ET estimates acquired from the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM) dataset allowing for multi-year analysis (1980–2020). The Mann–Kendall test and the Sen’s slope were applied to estimate the significance and magnitude of the trends. The results show that a rising temperature, along with small precipitation increase, led to the accelerated ET of 1.36 mm/y. This was revealed by increased transpiration and interception loss not compensated by a decrease in bare soil evaporation and sublimation. The wide-spread higher water consumption especially occurred during the summer months of June, July, and August. Comparing the two subperiods of 1980–2020, it was found that in 2007–2020, the annual ET increased by 7% compared to the reference period of 1980–2006. These results can serve as an important reference for formulating a water resources management strategy in Poland.

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Influence of Parameterization of Soil Processes on Meteorological Forecasts of Vertical Profiles

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S ◽

10.1515/eces-2016-0036 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 493-503 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Grzegorz Duniec ◽

Andrzej Mazur

Keyword(s):

Numerical Models ◽

Water Flux ◽

Weather Forecast ◽

Bare Soil ◽

Expected Improvement ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Meteorological Model ◽

Numerical Weather ◽

Numerical Weather Forecast

Abstract Soil and atmosphere boundary layer (ABL) interact with each other and influence physical processes in soil and atmosphere. Quality of numerical weather forecast depends on good mapping of complex soil process (microphysics processes in soil, fluid dynamics in porous media, soil dynamics, water cycle in soil and soil-plant-water relation, thermal processes in the soil etc.) in parameterization soil schemes. Current parameterizations of soil physical processes in TERRA_ML (multilayer soil module of the COSMO meteorological model) were prepared 30 years ago for numerical model with poor resolution. Nowadays operationally numerical models work with much better resolution. So, previous parameterization must have been improved or prepared from the beginning if it is expected improvement quality of numerical weather forecast. The influence of changing parameterization of water flux through the soil for “bare soil” case on vertical meteorological profiles is presented in this paper. This influence can be seen not only in weather forecasts, but also in any areas where the results of meteorological model(s) are used, like decision support systems in emergency situations or modeling of dispersion of air pollutants.

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Plants, vital players in the terrestrial water cycle

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3085 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marie-Claire ten Veldhuis ◽

Tom van den Berg ◽

Martine van der Ploeg ◽

Elias Kaiser ◽

Satadal Dutta ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Transport ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Turgor Pressure ◽

Water Dynamics ◽

Plant Water ◽

Flow Monitoring ◽

Vital Functions ◽

Main Challenge ◽

Macro Scale ◽

Terrestrial Water

Plant transpiration accounts for about half of all terrestrial evaporation (Jasechko et al., 2013). Plants need water for many vital functions including nutrient uptake, growth, maintenance of cell turgor pressure and leaf cooling. Due to the regulation of water transport by stomata in the leaves, plants lose 97% of the water they take via their roots, to the atmosphere. They can be viewed as transpiration-powered pumps on the interface between the soil and atmosphere.Measuring plant-water dynamics is essential to gain better insight into their role in the terrestrial water cycle and plant productivity. It can be measured at different levels of integration, from the single cell micro-scale to the ecosystem macro-scale, on time scales from minutes to months. In this contribution, we give an overview of state-of-the-art techniques for transpiration measurement and highlight several promising innovations for monitoring plant-water relations. Some of the techniques we will cover include stomata imaging by microscopy, gas exchange for stomatal conductance and transpiration monitoring, thermometry for water stress detection, sap flow monitoring, hyperspectral imaging, ultrasound spectroscopy, accelerometry, scintillometry and satellite-remote sensing.Outlook: To fully assess water transport within the soil-plant-atmosphere continuum, a variety of techniques is required to monitor environmental variables in combination with biological responses at different scales. Yet this is not sufficient: to truly solve for spatial heterogeneity as well as temporal variability, dense network sampling is needed.In PLANTENNA (https://www.4tu.nl/plantenna/en/) a team of electronics, precision and microsystems engineers together with plant and environmental scientists develop and implement innovative (3D-)sensor networks that measure plant and environmental parameters at high resolution and low cost. Our main challenge for in-situ sensor autonomy (&#8220;plug and forget&#8221;) is energy: we want the sensor nodes to be hyper-efficient and rely fully on (miniaturised) energy-harvesting.REFERENCES: Jasechko, S., Sharp, Z. D., Gibson, J. J., Birks, S. J., Yi, Y., & Fawcett, P. J. (2013). Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration. Nature, 496(7445), 347-350. Plantenna: "Internet of Plants". (n.d.). https://www.4tu.nl/plantenna/en/&#160;

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Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Precipitation in Iceland Using a Linear Model of Orographic Precipitation

Journal of Hydrometeorology ◽

10.1175/2007jhm795.1 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 1285-1306 ◽

Cited By ~ 86

Author(s):

Philippe Crochet ◽

Tómas Jóhannesson ◽

Trausti Jónsson ◽

Oddur Sigurðsson ◽

Helgi Björnsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linear Model ◽

Reanalysis Data ◽

Orographic Precipitation ◽

Mountainous Terrain ◽

Physical Processes ◽

Weather Forecasts ◽

Simulated Precipitation ◽

Medium Range ◽

Condensed Water ◽

Good Agreement

Abstract A linear model of orographic precipitation that includes airflow dynamics, condensed water advection, and downslope evaporation is adapted for Iceland. The model is driven using coarse-resolution 40-yr reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-40) over the period 1958–2002. The simulated precipitation is in good agreement with precipitation observations accumulated over various time scales, both in terms of magnitude and distribution. The results suggest that the model captures the main physical processes governing orographic generation of precipitation in the mountains of Iceland. The approach presented in this paper offers a credible method to obtain a detailed estimate of the distribution of precipitation in mountainous terrain for various conditions involving orographic generation of precipitation. It appears to be of great practical value to the hydrologists, glaciologists, meteorologists, and climatologists.

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Presentation and discussion of the high resolution atmosphere-land surface subsurface simulation dataset of the virtual Neckar catchment for the period 2007–2015

10.5194/essd-2020-24 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Bernd Schalge ◽

Gabriele Baroni ◽

Barbara Haese ◽

Daniel Erdal ◽

Gernot Geppert ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Land Surface ◽

Overland Flow ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Numerical Models ◽

Model Performance ◽

Surface Model ◽

Meteorological Model ◽

The Real ◽

Terrestrial System

Abstract. Coupled numerical models, which simulate water and energy fluxes in the subsurface-land surface-atmosphere system in a physically consistent way are a prerequisite for the analysis and a better understanding of heat and matter exchange fluxes at compartmental boundaries and interdependencies of states across these boundaries. Complete state evolutions generated by such models may be regarded as a proxy of the real world, provided they are run at sufficiently high resolution and incorporate the most important processes. Such a virtual reality can be used to test hypotheses on the functioning of the coupled terrestrial system. Coupled simulation systems, however, face severe problems caused by the vastly different scales of the processes acting in and between the compartments of the terrestrial system, which also hinders comprehensive tests of their realism. We used the Terrestrial Systems Modeling Platform TerrSysMP, which couples the meteorological model COSMO, the land-surface model CLM, and the subsurface model ParFlow, to generate a virtual catchment for a regional terrestrial system mimicking the Neckar catchment in southwest Germany. Simulations for this catchment are made for the period 2007–2015, and at a spatial resolution of 400 m for the land surface and subsurface and 1.1 km for the atmosphere. Among a discussion of modelling challenges, the model performance is evaluated based on real observations covering several variables of the water cycle. We find that the simulated (virtual) catchment behaves in many aspects quite close to observations of the real Neckar catchment, e.g. concerning atmospheric boundary-layer height, precipitation, and runoff. But also discrepancies become apparent, both in the ability of the model to correctly simulate some processes which still need improvement such as overland flow, and in the realism of some observation operators like the satellite based soil moisture sensors. The whole raw dataset is available for interested users. The dataset described here is available via the CERA database (Schalge et al., 2020): https://doi.org/10.26050/WDCC/Neckar_VCS_v1.

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Abundant Precipitation in Qilian Mountains Generated from the Recycled Moisture over the Adjacent Arid Hexi Corridor, Northwest China

Water ◽

10.3390/w13233354 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (23) ◽

pp. 3354

Author(s):

Zhihua Zhang ◽

Qiudong Zhao ◽

Shiqiang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Water Vapor ◽

Water Cycle ◽

Precipitable Water ◽

Northwest China ◽

Hexi Corridor ◽

Qilian Mountains ◽

Mountain Areas ◽

Reanalysis Dataset ◽

Weather Forecasts ◽

Endorheic Basin

The observed precipitation was suggestive of abundant precipitation in upstream Qilian mountains and low precipitation in the downstream oasis and desert in an endorheic basin. However, precipitation in mountains generated from the recycled moisture over oasis and desert areas has rarely been studied. The climatological patterns of water vapor from 1980 to 2017 in the Qilian Mountain Region (QMR) and Hexi Corridor Region (HCR) were investigated by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim reanalysis dataset and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Application, Version 2 reanalysis dataset. The results suggest that the precipitable water content decreases from the adjacent to the mountain areas. There are two channels that transport water vapor from the HCR to the QMR in the low troposphere (surface—600 hPa), suggesting that parts of recycled moisture generated from evapotranspiration over the oasis and desert of the HCR is transported to the QMR, contributing to the abundant precipitation in the QMR. This indicates that the transport mechanism is probably because of the “cold and wet island effect” of the cryosphere in QMR. This is likely one of the essential mechanisms of the water cycle in endorheic river basins, which has rarely been reported.

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Polar Stratospheric Clouds detection at Belgrano II Antarctic station from DOAS measurements

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-3054 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Gómez Martín ◽

Daniel Toledo ◽

Margarita Yela ◽

Cristina Prados-Román ◽

José Antonio Adame ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Radiative Transfer ◽

Color Index ◽

Radiative Transfer Model ◽

Optical Absorption Spectroscopy ◽

Transfer Model ◽

Meteorological Model ◽

Weather Forecasts ◽

Stratospheric Temperature ◽

Stratospheric Clouds

Ground-based zenith DOAS (Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) measurements have been used to detect and estimate the altitude of PSCs over Belgrano II Antarctic station during the polar sunrise seasons of 2018 and 2019. The method used in this work studies the evolution of the color index (CI) during twilights. The CI has been defined here as the ratio of the recorded signal at 520 and 420 nm. In the presence of PSCs, the CI shows a maximum at a given solar zenith angle (SZA). The value of such SZA depends on the altitude of the PSC. By using a spherical Monte Carlo radiative transfer model (RTM), the method has been validated and a function relating the SZA of the CI maximum and the PSC altitude has been calculated. Model simulations also show that PSCs can be detected and their altitude can be estimated even in presence of optically thin tropospheric clouds or aerosols. Our results are in good agreement with the stratospheric temperature evolution obtained through the ERA5 data reanalysis from the global meteorological model ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts) and the PSCs observations from CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol-Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations).The methodology used in this work could also be applied to foreseen and/or historical measurements obtained with ground-based spectrometers such e. g. the DOAS instruments dedicated to trace gas observation in Arctic and Antarctic sites. This would also allow to investigate the presence and long-term evolution of PSCs.Keywords: Polar stratospheric clouds; color index; radiative transfer model; visible spectroscopy.

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