Prophets of Party in American Political History

Daniel Schlozman; Sam Rosenfeld

doi:10.1515/for-2017-0045

Prophets of Party in American Political History

The Forum ◽

10.1515/for-2017-0045 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 685-709

Author(s):

Daniel Schlozman ◽

Sam Rosenfeld

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Political Parties ◽

Cultural Context ◽

Party Politics ◽

The Body ◽

Political Life ◽

Collective Actors ◽

Do So

Abstract This article pursues a developmental understanding of American parties as autonomous and thick collective actors through a comparison of four key historical actors we term “prophets of party”: partisans of the nineteenth-century Party Period; Progressive reformers; mid-twentieth century liberal Democrats; and activists in and around the body popularly known as the McGovern-Fraser Commission. Leading theories portray political parties as the vehicles either of ambitious politicians or of groups eager to extract benefits from the state. Yet such analyses leave underdetermined the path from such actors’ desires for power to the parties’ wielding of it. That path is mediated by partisan forms and practices that have varied widely across institutional and cultural context. As parties search for electoral majority, they do so in the long shadow of ideas and practices, layered and accreted across time, concerning the role of parties in political life. We analyze four such prophesies, trace their layered contributions to their successors, and reflect on their legacy for contemporary party politics.

The Rise and Decline of Parties

10.1093/oso/9780199586011.003.0002 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Richard S. Katz ◽

Peter Mair

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Political Parties ◽

Party Politics ◽

Public Office ◽

Competing Interests ◽

New Type ◽

External Organization

When they rose to prominence in the régimes censitaires of the nineteenth century, most political parties were based primarily in parliament and had little external organization. With the advent of mass suffrage, these elite parties were challenged by a new type of organization, the mass party ostensibly rooted in particular segments of society and with extensive extraparliamentary membership organizations that were, in theory, the authoritative voice of the party. By the second half of the twentieth century, both mass parties and the remaining elite parties were evolving into catch-all parties, with the party in public office more assertive of its independence and with parties increasingly working as brokers among competing interests rather than as the agents of particular interest. None of these any longer describes the nature of contemporary party politics, however.

Religion and the Churches

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198714897.013.30 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

S.J.D. Green

Keyword(s):

Political Parties ◽

Public Life ◽

Political Life ◽

The Political ◽

British Politics ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

British State ◽

Role Of Religion ◽

Do So

This chapter explores the role of religion and the churches in British political life since 1800. It argues that during this period the British state gradually attempted to remove religious dispute from public life, and yet frequently failed to do so. The chapter examines a series of political problems posed by questions of religion and the churches, including nineteenth-century Ireland, the proliferation of diverse varieties of Christianity throughout the United Kingdom, the connections between religion and the political parties, and the challenges of secularization. It concludes that, even in a mostly secular country, British politics continues to be haunted by religion.

The Sound of Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century Ireland

Journal of British Studies ◽

10.1017/jbr.2020.248 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 389-402

Author(s):

Katie Barclay

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Access Point ◽

The Body ◽

Political Life ◽

Emotional Impact ◽

Embodied Experience ◽

Early Nineteenth Century ◽

Political Music ◽

History Of

AbstractIn the early 1800s, Jonah Barrington, an Irish judge, bemoaned that the air chosen as the march for the Irish Volunteer Movement had “no merit whatever, being neither grand, nor martial, nor animating,” contrasting it with the zeal of French revolutionary music. The emotional impact of music might be a matter of taste, but such a statement is suggestive of an aesthetics, where political music, or music used for political purposes, should have specific qualities that could be identified and judged by listeners. This article explores how people in late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Ireland identified music as political, using theories of the effects and affects of sound during the period and a corpus of Irish political music as an access point into historical experiences of musical enjoyment. While the impacts of music on the body are challenging for historians to retrieve, scholarship from the history of emotions highlights the important role of normative frameworks of emotion in accessing embodied experience. Working from this perspective, this article argues that we can begin to access the sound of politics for audiences of this period, contributing to our understanding of the role of music in political life.

Towards the Final Legitimation of the Party

10.1093/oso/9780198735854.003.0004 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Piero Ignazi

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Great Britain ◽

Political Parties ◽

Political Party ◽

Sole Source ◽

The Political ◽

Party Formation ◽

Post War ◽

Dominant Influence

Chapter 3 investigates the process of party formation in France, Germany, Great Britain, and Italy, and demonstrates the important role of cultural and societal premises for the development of political parties in the nineteenth century. Particular attention is paid in this context to the conditions in which the two mass parties, socialists and Christian democrats, were established. A larger set of Western European countries included in this analysis is thoroughly scrutinized. Despite discontent among traditional liberal-conservative elites, full endorsement of the political party was achieved at the beginning of the twentieth century. Particular attention is paid to the emergence of the interwar totalitarian party, especially under the guise of Italian and German fascism, when ‘the party’ attained its most dominant influence as the sole source and locus of power. The chapter concludes by suggesting hidden and unaccounted heritages of that experience in post-war politics.

Vile Sovereigns in Bioethical Debate

Disability Studies Quarterly ◽

10.18061/dsq.v33i4.3870 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Melinda Hall

Keyword(s):

Twentieth Century ◽

Michel Foucault ◽

Human Enhancement ◽

Reproductive Technology ◽

The Body ◽

Worth Living ◽

Lecture Series ◽

The Disabled ◽

Bioethical Debate ◽

Do So

In this paper, I critically assess transhumanist philosophy and its influence in bioethics by turning to resources in the work of Michel Foucault. I begin by outlining transhumanism and drawing out some of the primary goals of transhumanist philosophy. In order to do so, I focus on the work of Nick Bostrom and Julian Savulescu, two prominent contributors to this thinking. I then move to explicate Foucault’s work, in the early iterations of the Abnormal lecture series, on the concept of vile sovereignty. Foucault used the concept of vile sovereignty to critique psychiatric witnesses that had been utilized in mid twentieth-century French courts of law. Turning back to transhumanism, I analyze transhumanist discourse on the basis of Foucault’s vile sovereignty. Transhumanists promote human enhancement in a way that rejects the body—especially the disabled body—and pose the question of what lives are worth living, as well as attempt to answer it. I conclude that because of the undeserved influence and ableism of transhumanism, it is important for feminist philosophers, philosophers of disability, and other disability scholars, who collide at the nexus of bioethical debate (especially with regard to reproductive technology and the body), to work together to intervene upon transhumanist discourse.   Keywords: bioethics; enhancement; Foucault; transhumanism; ableism

Commercial Foot Soldiers of the Empire: Foreign Merchant Politics in Tampico, Mexico, 1861-1866

The Americas A Quarterly Review of Latin American History ◽

10.2307/1007015 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 46 (3) ◽

pp. 291-314

Author(s):

John D. French

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Case Studies ◽

Current Literature ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Political Life ◽

Port Cities ◽

Detailed Case ◽

Central Arena ◽

Foreign Merchants

During the period from Mexican independence in 1821 to the end of the French intervention in 1867, Mexico's primary tie to the outside world was based on trade. The foreign merchants, who monopolized this activity, played a crucial role in the economic, diplomatic, and political life of Mexico. The current literature on these nineteenth century merchants includes studies of foreign groups, such as the French, detailed case studies of individual entrepreneurs, firms and merchant families, and one work that provides a unique state-centered perspective on the Mexican/merchant nexus. None, however, have tried to conceptualize the role of foreign merchants as a whole, across national lines and individual rivalries, in the port cities that were the central arena of contact and conflict with the outside world.

British Foreign Secretaries and Japan, 1850-1990

10.5117/9781898823735 ◽

2018 ◽

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Japanese Market ◽

Prime Ministers ◽

Margaret Thatcher ◽

Japanese Investment ◽

Main Emphasis ◽

History Of

This book reviews the role of British Foreign Secretaries in the formulation of British policy towards Japan from the re-opening of Japan in the middle of the nineteenth century to the end of the twentieth century. It also takes a critical look at the history of British relations with Japan over these years. Beginning with Lord John Russell (Foreign Secretary 1859-1865) and concluding with Geoffrey Howe (Secretary of State for Foreign & Commonwealth Affairs, 1983-1989), the volume also examines the critical roles of two British Prime Ministers in the latter part of the twentieth century, Edward Heath and Margaret Thatcher, who ensured that Britain recognized both the reality and the opportunities for Britain resulting from the Japanese economic and industrial phenomenon. Heath’s main emphasis was on opening the Japanese market to British exports. Thatcher’s was on Japanese investment. This volume is a valuable addition to the Japan Society’s series devoted to aspects of Anglo-Japanese relations which includes ten volumes of Britain & Japan: Biographical Portraits as well as British Envoys in Japan.

Introduction

The Frontier Effect ◽

10.7591/cornell/9781501747533.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-15

Author(s):

Teo Ballvé

Keyword(s):

Political Influence ◽

The State ◽

Political Life ◽

The Political ◽

Political Spectrum ◽

Relations Of Power ◽

Violent Conflicts ◽

Do So

This introductory chapter briefly explores the ways in which imaginaries of statelessness have structured the political life of Urabá, Colombia. It argues that Colombia's violent conflicts have produced surprisingly coherent and resilient regimes of accumulation and rule—yet this is not to say they are benevolent. In order to do so, this chapter approaches the state as a dynamic ensemble of relations that is both an effect and an instrument of competing political strategies and relations of power. In Urabá, groups from across the political spectrum, armed and otherwise, all end up trying to give concrete coherence to the inherently unwieldy abstraction of the state in a space where it supposedly does not exist. The way this absence exerts a generative political influence is what this chapter establishes as the “frontier effect.” The frontier effect describes how the imaginary of statelessness in these spaces compels all kinds of actors to get into the business of state formation; it thrusts groups into the role of would-be state builders.

Introduction

Veiled Power ◽

10.1093/oso/9780198822097.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Doreen Lustig

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Human Rights ◽

International Law ◽

Late Nineteenth Century ◽

Private Business ◽

Business Corporation ◽

Conceptual Analogy ◽

Late Nineteenth

Corporations have limited responsibilities in international law but enjoy far-reaching rights and privileges. International legal debates often conceive of this issue as a problem of business accountability for human rights violations. Conceptually, the issue of corporations in international law has focused on whether or not they are, or ought to be, recognized as ‘subjects’ of responsibility in international law and on the adequate conceptual analogy to the corporation. The introduction presents an alternative way of thinking about the role of international law and its relevance to the private business corporation. It traces the emergence of the contemporary legal architecture for corporations in international law and shows how modern international law constitutes a framework within which businesses and governments allocate resources and responsibilities—a framework that began to operate as early as the late-nineteenth century and continued throughout the twentieth century.

The Interrelations of Societies in History

Comparative Studies in Society and History ◽

10.1017/s0010417500001626 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 227-250 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Marshall G. S. Hodgson

Keyword(s):

Nineteenth Century ◽

Twentieth Century ◽

Large Scale ◽

Modern Times ◽

Do So

It has been long pointed out that the destinies of the various sections of mankind began to be interrelated long before the twentieth century, with its global wars and cold wars; or even the nineteenth century, the century of European world hegemony. Here we will study certain of the historical ways in which these destinies were intertwined; in this way we may distinguish more valid modes of tracing large-scale history and of comparing the societies involved in it, from a number of popular but unsound modes of trying to do so. I shall speak mostly of the ages before modern times, noting only briefly at the end of the paper certain crucial ways in which modern interrelations among human societies have been different from earlier ones.