scholarly journals Screening and Evaluation of Essential Oils from Mediterranean Aromatic Plants against the Mushroom Cobweb Disease, Cladobotryum mycophilum

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 656
Author(s):  
Gea ◽  
Navarro ◽  
Santos ◽  
Diánez ◽  
Herraiz-Peñalver
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Biological Efficiency ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Aromatic Species ◽  
Crop Cycle ◽  
Cobweb Disease ◽  
Fungitoxic Effect ◽  
Compensatory Effect

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the use of essential oils (EOs) as an alternative to synthetic fungicides used in the control of cobweb disease of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) caused by Cladobotryum mycophilum. The EOs used were obtained by hydrodistillation from five Mediterranean aromatic species (Lavandula × intermedia, Salvia lavandulifolia, Satureja montana, Thymus mastichina, and Thymus vulgaris), analyzed by gas chromatography, and tested in vitro for their antifungal activity against C. mycophilum. In vitro bioassays showed that the EOs obtained from T. vulgaris and S. montana (ED50 = 35.5 and 42.8 mg L−1, respectively) were the most effective EOs for inhibiting the mycelial growth of C. mycophilum, and were also the most selective EOs between C. mycophilum and A. bisporus. The in vivo efficacy of T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at two different concentrations (0.5 and 1%) were evaluated in two mushroom growing trials with C. mycophilum inoculation. The treatments involving T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs at the higher dose (1% concentration) were as effective as fungicide treatment. The effect of these EOs on mushroom productivity was tested in a mushroom cropping trial without inoculation. They had a strong fungitoxic effect at the first flush. However, a compensatory effect was observed by the end of the crop cycle and no differences were observed in biological efficiency between treatments. The main compounds found were carvacrol and p-cymene for S. montana, and p-cymene and thymol for T. vulgaris. These results suggest that T. vulgaris and S. montana EOs may be useful products to manage cobweb disease if used as part of an integrated pest management (IPM) program.

scholarly journals Essential oils in the control of dry bubble disease in white button mushroom

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Leite dos Santos ◽  
Leônidas Leoni Belan ◽  
Diego Cunha Zied ◽  
Eustáquio Souza Dias ◽  
Eduardo Alves
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Cinnamon Oil ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Dry Bubble ◽  
Dry Bubble Disease

ABSTRACT: Lecanicillium fungicola, which causes Dry bubble disease, induces infections and inflicts major losses in champignon production. The control can be managed through measures of hygiene and use of fungicides; however, in Brazil there are no registered products. This study aimed to estimate the influence of various essential oils extracted from Melissa officinalis, Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Syzygium aromaticum on the in vitro development and their uses. Therefore, analysis was performed of the L. fungicola isolates in vitro and the best oils were tested in vivo. Besides, the Agaricus bisporus - L. fungicola interaction was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cinnamon and clove oils in concentrations of 0.4% and thyme oil of 0.8% were identified as good growth inhibitors of the pathogenic mycelium. Effective inhibition of the conidial germination was seen in all concentrations by cinnamon oil, and by clove and thyme oils only at 0.4% and 0.8%, respectively. When the essential oils were applied post-infestation in the in vivo experiments the incidence of the disease in the mushrooms was much lower. From the SEM it was clear that 19 hours after the inoculation of A. bisporus with L. fungicola, the spores had already completely germinated, revealing the presence of the infection. Therefore, the findings of this study indicated that the oil extracts of cinnamon, clove and thyme are potential and efficient alternatives in the control of dry bubble disease.

scholarly journals Balık Hastalıkları ile Mücadelede Bitki Esansiyel Yağlarının Major Komponentlerinin Önemi Üzerine bir Araştırma

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1501
Author(s):  
Azime Küçükgül
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Alpha Pinene ◽  
Phytochemical Components ◽  
In Vivo Effects

The presence of different phytochemical components of essential oil such as tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids and phenolic compounds has antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this study is to investigate importance of the major components of three herb essential oils (Thymus vulgaris L., Centauriumerythraea Rafn. And Foeniculumvulgare Mill) on challenging with fish diseases. The components of essential oils provided from a commercial firm were made GC/MS analyzes. The major component of T. vulgarewas carvacrol called as phenol, 2-methyl-5-(1-methylethyl) with 40%.The others were Linalool L (15.11%) and benzene, methyl(1-methylethyl)- (12.12%).The richest oil in C. erythraea was bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2-ene, 2,6,6-trimethyl- (34.90%) called as alpha-pinene, followed by heptacosane (19.15%) and dotriacontane (17.72%), respectively.The evaluation of the essential oil of F. vulgarispresented benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(1-propenyl)- with 67.99%, followed by dl-Limonene (16.03%) and benzene, 1-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)- (6.97%). The therapeutic effects of thyme are due to its high content of phenolic compounds, particularly carvacrol. The most important compounds of F. vulgare essential oil is anethole, fenchone, limonene that has antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal and anticancer effects. The previous studies show that alpha pinene significantly inhibits many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria. In aquaculture studies, in vitro and in vivo effects of the dominant compounds of essential oils in our study are consistent with the previous findings.

scholarly journals ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OILS FROM THE NATIVE CROATIAN FLORA ON THE SUPPRESSION OF THE Botrytis cinerea FUNGUS IN GRAPEVINES

Poljoprivreda ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Jelena Jelenić ◽  
◽  
Jelena Ilić ◽  
Jasenka Ćosić ◽  
Karolina Vrandečić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Achillea Millefolium ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Suppression Effect

The aim of this research was to determine the effect of nine essential oils from the Croatian native flora (Mentha x piperita, Salvia officinalis, Rosmarinus officinalis, Lavandula hybrida, Origanum compactum, Thymus vulgaris, Hiperici oleum, Achillea millefolium and Helichrysum italicum) on the Botrytis cinerea mycelial growth suppression. The research results demonstrated that the oils of Thymus vulgaris and Mentha x pipereta in both investigated methods (the volatile and the macrodillution one) have exerted a positive influence on the suppression of mycelial growth. Also, the aforementioned oils had a fungistatic effect in all investigated concentrations long after 96 hours. The essential oils of Achillea millefolium and Hiperici oleum in the volatile method have not manifested a suppression effect, while the effect of suppression of a mycelial growth was recorded in the macrodillution method. The essential oil of Helichrysum italicum stimulated the growth of B. cinerea mycelium in both investigated methods. Considering a reduction of the mycelium growth, the essential oils, as a biocontrol agent, could be a positive substitution for the traditional pesticides in grapevine gray mold control. Additional investigation with regard to the essential oils in the Botrytis control are needed both the in vitro and the in vivo conditions.

scholarly journals Assessing the Control of Postharvest Gray Mold Disease on Tomato Fruit Using Mixtures of Essential Oils and Their Respective Hydrolates

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1719
Author(s):  
Conny Brito ◽  
Henrik Hansen ◽  
Luis Espinoza ◽  
Martín Faúndez ◽  
Andrés F. Olea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Tomato Crop

Gray mold disease, which is caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers ex. Fr., results in serious economic losses to Lycopersicum esculentum (tomato) crop productivity. In this study, we explored the possibility that mixtures of essential oils (EOs) and their respective hydrolates (HYSs) could be used to control this disease. Thus, EOs and HYSs were obtained from Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris, Citrus limon, and Citrus sinensis by hydrodistillation. In vitro antifungal activities were evaluated, and EC50 values of 15.9 and 19.8 µg/mL were obtained for EOs of thyme and oregano, respectively. These activities are due mainly to volatile compounds, thymol and carvacrol. Results from in vivo assays show that although most tomatoes were infested five days after inoculation, the damage was considerably reduced by the application of an EO/HYS mixture of thyme. The disease incidence indexes of B. cinerea tomato rot, percentage and severity, measured four days after inoculation, were reduced by 70% and 76%, respectively, as compared with the inoculum control. These results suggest that a combination of HYSs and EOs enhances antifungal activity, and that optimization of relative concentrations, volumes, and the nature of the compounds, could design a formulation able to control B. cinerea inoculum on tomato fruits.

67 Current Status and Future Prospective of the Use of Plant Bioactive Compounds in Dairy and Beef Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
Sergio Calsamiglia ◽  
Maria Rodriguez-Prado ◽  
Gonzalo Fernandez-Turren ◽  
Lorena Castillejos
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the last 20 years there has been extensive in vitro research on the effects of plant extracts and essential oils on rumen microbial fermentation. The main objectives have been to improve energy metabolism through a reduction in methane emissions and an increase in propionate production; and to improve protein metabolism by reducing proteolysis and deamination. While the positive results from in vitro studies has stimulated the release of commercial products based on blends of essential oils, there is limited in vivo evidence on the rumen fermentation and production performance effects. A literature search was conducted to select in vivo studies where information on rumen fermentation and animal performance was reported. For dairy cattle, we identified 37 studies of which 21 were adequate to test production performance. Ten studies reported increases and 3 decreases in milk yield. For beef cattle, we identified 20 studies with rumen fermentation profile and 22 with performance data. Average daily gain improved in 7 and decreased in 1 study. Only 1 out of 16 studies reported an improvement in feed efficiency. Data indicate that out of more than 500 products tested in vitro, only around 20 have been tested in vivo in different mixtures and doses. The use of statistical approaches will allow to describe the conditions, doses and responses in dairy and beef cattle performance. The search for postruminal effects offers another alternative use. Evidence for effects on the intestinal and systemic effects on the immune system and antioxidant status (i.e., capsicum, garlic, eugenol, cinnamaldehyde curcuma, catechins, anethol or pinene), and in the modulation of metabolic regulation (capsicum, cinnamaldehyde, curcuma or garlic) may open the opportunity for future applications. However, stability of the product in the GI tract, description of the mechanisms of action and the impact of these changes on performance needs to be further demonstrated.

scholarly journals Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils on Selected Weeds: Potential Hazard on Food Crops

Plants ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 79 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Ibáñez ◽  
María Blázquez
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis

The chemical composition of winter savory, peppermint, and anise essential oils, and in vitro and in vivo phytotoxic activity against weeds (Portulaca oleracea, Lolium multiflorum, and Echinochloa crus-galli) and food crops (maize, rice, and tomato), have been studied. Sixty-four compounds accounting for between 97.67–99.66% of the total essential oils were identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry analysis. Winter savory with carvacrol (43.34%) and thymol (23.20%) as the main compounds produced a total inhibitory effect against the seed germination of tested weed. Menthol (48.23%), menthone (23.33%), and iso-menthone (16.33%) from peppermint only showed total seed germination inhibition on L. multiflorum, whereas no significant effects were observed with trans-anethole (99.46%) from anise at all concentrations (0.125–1 µL/mL). Low doses of peppermint essential oil could be used as a sustainable alternative to synthetic agrochemicals to control L. multiflorum. The results corroborate that in vivo assays with a commercial emulsifiable concentrate need higher doses of the essential oils to reproduce previous in vitro trials. The higher in vivo phytotoxicity of winter savory essential oil constitutes an eco-friendly and less pernicious alternative to weed control. It is possible to achieve a greater in vivo phytotoxicity if less active essential oil like peppermint is included with other active excipients.

scholarly journals Essential Oils and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Small Ruminants

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weibson Paz Pinheiro André ◽  
Wesley Lyeverton Correia Ribeiro ◽  
Lorena Mayana Beserra de Oliveira ◽  
Iara Tersia Freitas Macedo ◽  
Fernanda Cristina Macedo Rondon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Anthelmintic Activity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Anthelmintic Effect

Background: Gastrointestinal nematodes are one of the major health and economic problem of sheep and goats in the world. The control of these nematodes is carried out conventionally with synthetic anthelminths, which favored the selection of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) populations multiresistant to anthelmintics. The emergence of anthelmintic resistance has stimulated the search for new alternatives to control small ruminant GIN, standing out the use of plants and their bioactives compounds, such as essential oils (EO). The objective of this review was to present the main characteristics and anthelmintic activity of EO, their isolated compounds and drug delivery systems in the control of GIN.Review: Essential oils are a complex blend of bioactive compounds with volatile, lipophilic, usually odoriferous and liquid substances. EO are composed of terpenes, terpenoids, aromatic and aliphatic constituents. EO has various pharmacological activities of interest in preventive veterinary medicine such as antibacterials, antifungals, anticoccicids, insecticides and anthelmintics. In vitro and in vivo tests are used to validate the anthelmintic activity of EO on GIN. In vitro tests are low cost screening tests that allow the evaluation of the anthelmintic activity of a large amount of bioactive compounds on eggs, first (L1) and third stage larvae (L3), and adult nematodes. The antiparasitic effect of EO is related to its main compound or to the interaction of the compounds. These bioactive compounds penetrate the cuticle of the nematodes by transcuticular diffusion, altering the mechanisms of locomotion, besides causing cuticular lesions. Following in vitro evaluation, the acute and sub-chronic toxicity test should be performed to assess the toxicity of the bioactive compounds and to define the dose to be used in in vivo tests. In vivo tests are more reliable because the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds is evaluated after the metabolization process. The metabolization process of the bioactive compounds can generate metabolites that exhibit or not anthelmintic effectiveness. The in vivo tests assessing the anthelmintic effectiveness of bioactive compounds in sheep and goats are the fecal egg count reduction test and the controlled test.  OE promoted reduction of egg elimination in faeces which may be related to cuticular and reproductive alterations in GIN, and reduction of parasite burden in in vivo tests. Due to the promising results obtained with OE in the in vivo tests, interest has been aroused in using nanotechnology as an alternative to increase the bioavailability of OE and consequently, potentializing its anthelmintic effect, reducing the dose and  toxicity of the biocompounds. In addition to nanotechnology, the isolation and chemical modification of compounds isolated from OE have been employed to obtain new molecules with anthelmintic action and understand the mechanism of action of EO on the small ruminant GIN.Conclusion: The use of EO and their compound bioactive in the control of resistant populations of GIN is a promising alternative. The adoption of strategies in which natural products can replace synthetic anthelmintics, such as in dry periods and use synthetic anthelmintics in the rainy season when the population in refugia in the pasture is high, thus reducing the dissemination of GIN resistant populations. As perspective, the evaluation of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of these natural products should be performed so that one defines treatment protocols that optimize the anthelmintic effect.

scholarly journals Essential Oils as Treatment Strategy for Alzheimerʼs Disease: Current and Future Perspectives

Planta Medica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 85 (03) ◽  
pp. 239-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anju Benny ◽  
Jaya Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Clinical Trial Data ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Scientific Databases ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

AbstractAlzheimerʼs disease is a multifarious neurodegenerative disease that causes cognitive impairment and gradual memory loss. Several hypotheses have been put forward to postulate its pathophysiology. Currently, few drugs are available for the management of Alzheimerʼs disease and the treatment provides only symptomatic relief. Our aim is to review the relevant in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies focused toward the potential uses of essential oils in the treatment of Alzheimerʼs disease. Scientific databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar from April 1998 to June 2018 were explored to collect data. We have conducted wide search on various essential oils used in different models of Alzheimerʼs disease. Out of 55 essential oils identified for Alzheimerʼs intervention, 28 have been included in the present review. A short description of in vivo studies of 13 essential oils together with clinical trial data of Salvia officinalis, Salvia lavandulifolia, Melissa officinalis, Lavandula angustifolia, and Rosmarinus officinalis have been highlighted. In vitro studies of remaining essential oils that possess antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential are also mentioned. Our literary survey revealed encouraging results regarding the various essential oils being studied in preclinical and clinical studies of Alzheimerʼs disease with significant effects in modulating the pathology through anti-amyloid, antioxidants, anticholinesterase, and memory-enhancement activity.

scholarly journals Modulatory effect of Syzygium aromaticum and Pelargonium graveolens on oxidative stress and inflammation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Marmouzi ◽  
El Mostafa Karym ◽  
Rachid Alami ◽  
Meryem El Jemli ◽  
Mourad Kharbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Tetrahymena Pyriformis ◽  
Syzygium Aromaticum ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Pelargonium Graveolens ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractBackgroundTherapy combination is defined as disease treatment with two or more medication to acheive efficacy with lower doses or lower toxicity. Regarding its reported toxicities and efficacy, the Essential Oils (EOs) from Syzygium aromaticum (SA) and Pelargonium graveolens (PG) were combined for in vitro and in vivo assays and toxicities.MethodsThe Essential Oils and mixture were tested for in vivo/in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The assays included the animal model of acute inflammation (carrageenan model), the protective effect on H2O2/Sodium nitroprissude induced stress in Tetrahymena pyriformis, and the in vitro antioxidant assays.ResultsThe chemical analysis of the investigated Oils has lead to the identification of Eugenol (74.06%), Caryophyllene (11.52%) and Carvacrol acetate (7.82%) as the major element in SA; while PG was much higher in Citronellol (30.77%), 10-epi-γ-Eudesmol (22.59%), and Geraniol (13.95%). In our pharmacological screening of samples, both Oils demonstrated good antioxidant effects. In vivo investigation of the antioxidant activity in the protozoa model (T. pyriformis) demonstrated a lesser toxic effect of EOs mixture with no significant differences when oxidative stress markers and antioxidant enzymes (MDA, SOD and CAT) were evaluated. On the other hand the in vivo model of inflammatory response to carrageenan demonstrated a good inhibitory potential of both EOs. The EOs Mixture demonstrated equivalent bioactivity with lower toxic effect and minimal risk for each compound.ConclusionsThe results from this study indicate that EOs mixture from SA and PG demonstrated promising modulatory antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect, which suggest an efficient association for therapy.

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