Effects of thinning and fertilisation on tracheid dimensions and lignin content of Norway spruce

Holzforschung ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Jaakkola ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Commercial Thinning ◽  
Tracheid Length ◽  
Treatment Onset

Abstract The effects of the intensity and timing of commercial thinning and fertilisation on tracheid properties and lignin content of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst] were studied in two long-term fertilisation-thinning experiments in central and eastern Finland. The experiments consisted of three thinning and three fertilisation treatments in a randomised block design. Fertilisation levels were: unfertilised (F 0), 150 kg N ha-1 (F 1), and 300 kg N ha-1 (F 2). Thinning treatments were: delayed first thinning (T 0), normal thinning (T 1), and intensive first thinning (T 2). A total of 85 trees were sampled 26 years after treatment onset. Tracheid length was measured for 24 trees and cell wall thickness and lumen diameter for 16 trees grown under treatments F 0 T 0, F 0 T 2, F 1 T 0, and F 1 T 2. Lignin content was determined for all trees sampled (n=85) grown in all the different treatment combinations. We found only small differences in tracheid length (0–6%), cell wall thickness (1–17%) and lumen diameter (0–9%), depending on the different fertilisation and thinning conditions. We also found only slightly (1–2%) higher lignin content for fertilised (F 1 and F 2) than for unfertilised (F 0 ) trees (25.8% and 26.0% vs. 25.4%). Trees yielded 26.0% lignin content after intensive first thinning (T 2), 25.9% following normal thinning (T 1), and 25.4% after delayed first thinning (T 0). Thus, the prevailing fertilisation and thinning practice for Norway spruce stands in Finland may not cause essential changes in tracheid properties and lignin content.

Effect of Growth Rate on Fibre Characteristics in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-460 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Mäkinen ◽  
P. Saranpää ◽  
S. Linder
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
And Control ◽  
Fibre Characteristics

Summary To study the effect of growth rate on fibre characteristics and their variations in Norway spruce, trees were sampled in a nutrient optimisation experiment in northern Sweden. Data was collected from 24 trees (40 years old) from fertilised and control plots after 12 years of annual nutrient application, as well as from older trees outside the experimental area. Fibre length, fibre diameter, cell wall thickness, lumen diameter and cell wall percentage were measured from every third annual ring at breast height and at a height of 4 m. Fibre properties, as well as their standard deviation, were closely related to ring number and distance from the pith. Intra-ring variation of fibre characteristics was high compared to their variation between trees. Fertilisation reduced fibre length and cell wall thickness, but increased fibre and lumen diameter in rings of the same age. The difference in fibre width, cell wall thickness and lumen diameter between fertilised and control trees was less apparent, but a greater difference in fibre length was found between the treatments with regard to distance from the pith. There was a similar effect of fertilisation on fibre properties in early- and latewood. The effect of enhanced growth rate was less pronounced at a height of 4 m (near the pith) than at breast height (in older rings). It was demonstrated that it is possible to model intra-tree variability of fibre characteristics using ring width and cambial age as independent variables. Models presented are, however, limited by the relatively young age of the sample trees used.

Does thinning intensity affect the tracheid dimensions of Norway spruce?

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 2685-2697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuula Jaakkola ◽  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Matti-P Sarén ◽  
Pekka Saranpää
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Thinning Intensity ◽  
Forestry Practice

The effect of thinning intensity on the growth rate and tracheid dimensions of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) was studied in two long-term thinning experiments (Heinola and Punkaharju) in southeastern Finland. The stand age was 86 and 67 years in Heinola and Punkaharju, respectively. Thinning intensities in this study were lower and higher than recommended in the 1960s for forestry practice in Finland. An increase in tree growth rate (31% in Heinola and 37% in Punkaharju) caused by the high thinning intensity resulted in slightly shorter tracheids (9% in Heinola and 4% in Punkaharju) than with the low thinning intensity. Increased growth rate had no pronounced effect on tracheid cell wall thickness and lumen diameter. A faster growth rate slightly decreased the average cell wall thickness of an annual ring, but the changes in average lumen diameter were small. The effect of thinning intensity was similar in earlywood and latewood. Variation in fiber properties between and within individual trees and annual rings was large. In conclusion, the current thinning intensities used in Finnish forestry practice enhance growth rate but have a rather small effect on tracheid dimensions.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gliricidia Sepium ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia sepium is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G. sepium at three intervals according to age groups ( three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years ofage as compared to five (0.41) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

scholarly journals Genetic control of tracheid properties in Norway spruce wood

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Baison ◽  
Linghua Zhou ◽  
Nils Forsberg ◽  
Tommy Mörling ◽  
Thomas Grahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Picea Abies ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Exome Capture ◽  
Probability Method ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Selection Probability

Abstract Through the use of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) mapping it is possible to establish the genetic basis of phenotypic trait variation. Our GWAS study presents the first such effort in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L). Karst.) for the traits related to wood tracheid characteristics. The study employed an exome capture genotyping approach that generated 178 101 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) from 40 018 probes within a population of 517 Norway spruce mother trees. We applied a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) based association mapping method using a functional multi-locus mapping approach, with a stability selection probability method as the hypothesis testing approach to determine significant Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs). The analysis has provided 30 significant associations, the majority of which show specific expression in wood-forming tissues or high ubiquitous expression, potentially controlling tracheids dimensions, their cell wall thickness and microfibril angle. Among the most promising candidates based on our results and prior information for other species are: Picea abies BIG GRAIN 2 (PabBG2) with a predicted function in auxin transport and sensitivity, and MA_373300g0010 encoding a protein similar to wall-associated receptor kinases, which were both associated with cell wall thickness. The results demonstrate feasibility of GWAS to identify novel candidate genes controlling industrially-relevant tracheid traits in Norway spruce.

Wood-density variation of Norway spruce in relation to nutrient optimization and fibre dimensions

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harri Mäkinen ◽  
Pekka Saranpää ◽  
Sune Linder
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Annual Ring ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Fibre Properties ◽  
The Absolute

The effect of fertilization on wood density, fibre length, fibre diameter, lumen diameter, proportion of cell wall area, and cell wall thickness of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) were studied in a nutrient optimization experiment in northern Sweden. On the fertilized plots, all essential macronutrients and micronutrients were supplied in irrigation water every second day during the growing season. After 12 years' treatment, data were collected from 24 trees (40 years old) on the fertilized and control plots. Fertilization increased radial growth more than threefold, especially earlywood width, and decreased wood density by over 20% at 1.3 and 4 m height. The decrease in wood density was closely related to the proportion of latewood. The absolute wood density also decreased across the whole annual ring but proportionately more in latewood than in earlywood. A close relationship was found between the wood density and fibre properties, especially with the proportion of cell wall in a cross section of each annual ring, as well as with fibre and lumen width. The absolute cell wall thickness was clearly less related to wood density. However, rather large variations were found between individual trees in the relationship between wood density and fibre properties.

scholarly journals Evaluation of physical, anatomical, and biometric characteristics of Citrus sinensis trees in longitudinal and transverse axes of stem

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5696-5709
Author(s):  
Ali Hassanpoor Tichi ◽  
Habibollah Khademieslam ◽  
Mojtaba Rezanezhad Divkolae
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Citrus Sinensis ◽  
Fiber Length ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Significant Difference

Three healthy Citrus sinensis (orange) trees in Babol, Iran, were randomly selected and cut. Two discs of 5 cm thickness were prepared along the tree (breast height and crown). In the transverse direction, the test specimens were cut 2 × 2 cm to 3 cm from the pith to the bark sequentially and examined. The biometric and physical properties were measured, and microscopic sections of wood near the bark were studied using light microscopy according to the International Association of Wood Anatomists’ (IAWA) List. Anatomical examination of the C. sinensis wood showed that the species was a diffuse porous hardwood, with indistinct growth rings, simple perforation plates, alternate intervessel pits, and banded parenchyma. The basic density and oven-dry density increased from the pith towards the tree bark and from the bottom of the tree towards the crown. There was a significant difference in both the transverse and longitudinal directions of the C. sinensis tree in terms of fiber length, fiber lumen diameter, fiber diameter, and cell wall thickness. The mean fiber length, fiber diameter, fiber lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were 0.76 mm, 23.64 µm, 9.23 µm, and 14.41 µm, respectively.

Properties of Gliricidia Wood (Gliricidia sepium) lntercropped with Cocoa (Theobroma cocoa) in Malaysia

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 51
Author(s):  
Mohd Helmy Ibrahim ◽  
Mohd Nazip Suratman ◽  
Razali Abd Kader
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Significant Difference

Trees planted from agroforestry practices can become valuable resources in meeting the wood requirements of many nations. Gliricidia septum is an exotic species introduced to the agricultural sector in Malaysia mainly for providing shade for cocoa and coffee plantations. This study investigates its wood physical properties (specific gravity and moisture content) and fibre morphology (length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness) of G.sepium at three intervals according to age groups (three, five and seven years of ages). Specific gravity (0.72) was significantly higher at seven years of age as compared to five (0.4 I) and three (0.35) years age group with a mean of 0.43 (p<0.05). Mean moisture content was 58.3% with no significant difference existing between the tree age groups. Fibre diameter (22.4 mm) was significantly lower (p<0.05) for the trees which were three years of age when compared to five and seven years age groups (26.6 mm and 24. 7 mm), respectively. Means of fibre length, lumen diameter and cell wall thickness were 0.83 mm, 18.3 mm, and 6.2 mm, respectively,, with no significant differences detected between trees in all age groups. Further calculation on the coefficient of suppleness and runkel ratio suggest that wood from G.sepium may have the potential for insulation board manufacturing and paper making. However, future studies should experiment the utilisation of this species for these products to determine its full potential.

scholarly journals ANATOMY AND DRYING OF WOOD OF FOUR SPECIES FROM AN AGROFORESTRY SYSTEM

FLORESTA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 910
Author(s):  
Elder Eloy ◽  
Rômulo Trevisan ◽  
Tainara Dos Santos Piecha ◽  
Magda Rosa Fontoura ◽  
Henrique Webber Dalla Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Agroforestry System ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Lumen Diameter ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Schizolobium Parahyba

Drying is an important process in the generation of wood products, as it increases the quality of the final products; however, it is influenced by various anatomical characteristics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of anatomy on the drying of wood of Parapiptadenia rigida (Benth.) Brenan, Peltophorum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill × Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake (hybrid), and Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake trees from an agroforestry system. Three trees aged 9 years were sampled for each species. The trees were removed from the study region when their diameter at breast height (DBH) was 1.30 m from the ground. Blocks were made with dimensions of 5.0 × 5.0 × 15.0 cm for the evaluation of oven drying and 1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 cm for anatomical features. S. parahyba has the highest value of fiber diameter (35.1 µm) and lumen diameter (27.6 µm), whereas P. dubium had the highest value of cell wall thickness (6.8 µm). The average equilibrium moisture content was 10.98% after 40 days of drying. The anatomy of the wood influenced the drying of the four species intensity, which was related to humidity during all periods. The anatomical parameters that most influenced drying were fiber diameter (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.77), lumen diameter (0.76), and fiber cell wall thickness (0.73); the higher the values, the greater was the drying intensity.

Latitudinal variation in tree-ring and wood cell characteristics of Picea mariana across the continuous boreal forest in Quebec

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 1397-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc St-Germain ◽  
Cornelia Krause
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Tree Ring ◽  
Wall Thickness ◽  
Picea Mariana ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Cell Wall Thickness ◽  
Cell Numbers ◽  
Tracheid Length

Wood anatomical features measured in tree-rings are useful indicators of environmental change and wood quality. The effect of latitude on the wood anatomy of mature black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) was investigated along a 500 km transect from 47°N to 52°N across the continuous boreal forest in Quebec, Canada. Total tree-ring width, earlywood width, latewood width, latewood proportion, cell numbers, tracheid length, radial diameter, lumen diameter, and cell wall thickness were measured using image analysis on samples from 15 mature stands. Our results suggest that tree-ring, earlywood, and latewood widths, cell numbers, latewood radial cell diameter, and cell wall thickness decrease with latitude. No significant trend was observed for latewood proportion, despite a slight increase with latitude (p = 0.0856). However, the high variability in radial growth seen along the gradient might explain the absence of a significant relationship. Latitude and the associated growth rate reduction had no effect on tracheid length. The existence of a latitudinal pattern of variation in black spruce wood anatomy may be the result of tree adaptation to differing environmental conditions along the gradient.

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