scholarly journals Damage to Liver and Skeletal Muscles in Marathon Runners During a 100 km Run With Regard to Age and Running Speed

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Jastrzębski ◽  
Małgorzata Żychowska ◽  
Łukasz Radzimiński ◽  
Anna Konieczna ◽  
Jakub Kortas
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Active Movement ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Speed ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Reactive Protein

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) whether damage to liver and skeletal muscles occurs during a 100 km run; (2) whether the metabolic response to extreme exertion is related to the age or running speed of the participant; (3) whether it is possible to determine the optimal running speed and distance for long-distance runners’ health by examining biochemical parameters in venous blood. Fourteen experienced male amateur ultra-marathon runners, divided into two age groups, took part in a 100 km run. Blood samples for liver and skeletal muscle damage indexes were collected from the ulnar vein just before the run, after 25, 50, 75 and 100 km, and 24 hours after termination of the run. A considerable increase in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was observed with the distance covered (p < 0.05), which continued during recovery. An increase in the mean values of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p < 0.05) was observed with each sequential course. The biggest differences between the age groups were found for the activity of liver enzymes and LDH after completing 75 km as well as after 24 hours of recovery. It can be concluded that the response to extreme exertion deteriorates with age in terms of the active movement apparatus.

Profile of creatine kinase isoenzymes in skeletal muscles of marathon runners.

1984 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
F S Apple ◽  
M A Rogers ◽  
W M Sherman ◽  
D L Costill ◽  
F C Hagerman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Isoenzyme Composition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Abstract The proportion of creatine kinase (CK; EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MB activity was increased in skeletal muscle biopsies obtained from five long-distance runners, both 2 h before (mean 7.7%, SD 2.4%) and 30 min after (mean 7.2%, SD 1.2%) a marathon race, as compared with that in biopsies from five nonrunners (controls less than or equal to 1.0%). Further, mitochondrial CK and CK-BB isoenzymes were present in homogenates of the runners' skeletal muscle samples but not in those of the nonrunners. However, there were no substantial differences in the mean total CK activities per gram (wet wt.) of muscle tissue among premarathon samples, postmarathon samples, and nonrunners' samples (3148, 3365, and 3049 U/g, respectively). We conclude that the metabolically active gastrocnemius muscle of long-distance runners is qualitatively similar to the heart muscle in its CK isoenzyme composition.

scholarly journals Age Differences in Pacing in Endurance Running: Comparison between Marathon and Half-Marathon Men and Women

Medicina ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (8) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Cuk ◽  
Pantelis Nikolaidis ◽  
Srdjan Markovic ◽  
Beat Knechtle
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Distance Running ◽  
Endurance Running ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Marathon Runners ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pacing Strategies

Background and Objective: The increased popularity of marathons and half-marathons has led to a significant increase in the number of master runners worldwide. Since the age-related decrease in performance is dependent on race duration, pacing in long distance running might also vary by race distance in both men and women. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to assess pacing differences between marathon and half-marathon runners with regard to the runners’ age group, and independently for men and women. Materials and Methods: In total, 17,465 participants in the Vienna City marathon in 2017 were considered for this study (marathon, N = 6081; half-marathon, N = 11,384). Pacing was expressed as two variables (i.e., pace range and end spurt). Results: All runners showed positive pacing strategies (i.e., a fast start with gradual decrease of speed). However, marathon runners showed greater variability in pacing than half-marathon runners. Furthermore, women showed no differences in pace variability in regard to the age group, whereas men younger than 30 years of age, as well as older men (over the age of 60), showed a greater variability in pace than other age groups. Finally, younger half-marathon men and women showed the fastest end spurt compared to older age groups and marathon runners. Conclusions: The presented findings could help sports and medicine practitioners to create age specific training plans and pacing strategies. This approach could help long distance runners to improve their physical fitness, achieve better race times, reduce the potential risk of musculoskeletal injuries and increase the overall pleasure of long distance running.

Size-At-Age Variability and Sexual Dimorphism of Morphometric Characteristics in the Late Ontogenesis of the Marsh Frog, Pelophylax Ridibundus (Anura, Ranidae), from Terrytory of Crimea

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
V. N. Peskov ◽  
N. A. Petrenko ◽  
V. Yu. Reminnyi
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Morphometric Characteristics ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Marsh Frog ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Size At Age ◽  
Linear Body

Abstract We study size-at-age and sexual variability of morphometric characteristics of the marsh frog. According to the size of the body, males were divided into three size-age groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus), females — into four groups (juvenis, subadultus, adultus, adultus-I). We found that the chronological age of frogs (skeletochronology) does not always correspond to their biological age (size and proportions of the body). We noted that the semi-adult males are reliably larger than females by mean values of 26 studied morphometric characters. Males and females of “adultus” group do not differ by linear body size, significant differences were found in body proportions (7 characters). For the females of “adultus-I” group, the mean values of 26 characters are significantly larger than for “adultus” males. The results of our study showed that with the age of the marsh frog, the level of exhibition, directionality and structure of morphometric sex differences changes.

scholarly journals POS1398 RHEUMATOLOGICAL PATIENTS PERFORMING BLOOD SELF-SAMPLING FOR DMARD THERAPY SAFETY: A PROOF OF CONCEPT STUDY COMPARING WITH VENOUS BLOOD SAMPLES

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 982.1-982
Author(s):  
S. A. Just ◽  
P. Toftegaard ◽  
U. Jakobsen ◽  
T. R. Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Differential Count ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Dmard Treatment ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Venous Sample ◽  
Treatment Safety

Background:Regular blood sampling is a requirement for rheumatological patients receiving csDMARD, bDMARD or tsDMARD therapies (1). The frequent blood sampling affects the patient’s life as they use a substantial amount of time at hospitals or by the general practitioner. Often visits are time-consuming with transport, waiting time, and for some patient’s costly long travels. Giving patients the option of taking the blood samples themself in their own home, as part of a patient-centred monitoring approach, could provide the patient much higher degree of independence. Further, it may increase the quality of life, cause higher compliance with taking the control samples and possibly reduce health care costs.Objectives:1. To investigate if rheumatological patients can take capillary blood samples and describe patient-reported outcomes (PRO) about the procedure. 2. Compare the venous and capillary samples’ results. 3. Test if the laboratory automated analysis equipment can handle the small capillary samples.Methods:21 rheumatological patients, underwent capillary and venous blood sampling at up to 4 occasions (1-2 months between). Instructions were available on a pictogram. PRO data were assessed by questionnaires. The patient performed blood extraction to the capillary samples from a finger after using a device making a small incision (2 mm depth and 3 mm width). Two capillary tubes (one Microtainer K2-EDTA and one Microtainer lithium heparin with gel) were filled with a total volume of approximately 1.0 mL blood. A phlebotomist took the venous sample. Blood samples were analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), calcium, C-reactive protein (CRP), creatinine, potassium, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), urate, hemolysis index, erythrocyte corpuscular volume (MCV), haemoglobin, leukocytes, differential count and platelets.Results:A total of 53 paired capillary (C) and venous (V) samples were taken. The average perceived pain of the procedure of C sampling was VAS: 10.3 (SD:14.4) (0-100) versus V sampling VAS: 8.5 (SD:11.7). 90% of patients would accept it as a future form of blood sampling.Differences in blood samples (C versus V) were: CRP (-3.4%); Hemoglobin (-1.4%); Creatinine (-4.4%), ALAT (-2.9%), neutrophils (1.43%), platelets (-16.9%).The index of hemolysis was on average 128.9 mg/dL (SD: 203) in C versus 6.7 mg/dL (SD: 4.6) in V. Results was evaluated by a rheumatologist, and 92.5% of capillary samples could be used to evaluate the safety of DMARD treatment based on the most critical samples for this: ALAT, creatinine, neutrophils and platelets (1). The 7.5 % not accepted were all due to aggregated platelets leading to low platelet count. There was hemolysis in 18% of the samples, but the analysis results could be used despite this.Conclusion:In the majority of rheumatological patients, capillary self-sampling is well tolerated.We show that it is possible to extract the needed results from the capillary samples to evaluate DMARD treatment safety, despite higher hemolysis index. Using capillary samples taken at home could be a central instrument in future rheumatological patient-centred monitoring.References:[1]Rigby WFC et al. Review of Routine Laboratory Monitoring for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Receiving Biologic or Nonbiologic DMARDs. Int J Rheumatol. 2017Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Influence of climatic changes on the parasites of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua off coastal Labrador, Canada

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.A. Khan ◽  
C.V. Chandra
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Otter Trawl ◽  
Commercial Fishery ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The North

AbstractA study was conducted in 2000 and 2003, following the collapse of the commercial fishery in 1990, to compare metazoan parasites of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua, captured off coastal Labrador, with samples taken in 1980 and 1986. Fish were captured by otter trawl offshore in the North Atlantic Fish Organisation subarea 2J. Parasites were removed from the digestive tract, stained, identified and compared between the different groups. Both the prevalence and mean abundance of trematodes, larval nematodes and E. gadi were significantly lower in fish taken in 2000 and 2003 than in 1980. While mean values of trematodes and nematodes declined in 1986, those of Echinorhynchus gadi remained unchanged in 1986 and 1990. Four-year-old cod sampled in 1990 harboured significantly fewer E. gadi than older age groups. The most commonly occurring trematodes included Podocotylereflexa, Lepidapedon elongatum, Derogenes varicus and Hemiurus levinseni while the larval nematode, Anisakis sp. was predominant. Comparison of offshore samples taken in 2000 and 2003 with others taken in previous years suggests an overall decline of parasites coincident with a change in climatic conditions, the absence of a major food source, namely capelin Mallotus villosus, of cod and ultimately the decline of the Labrador population.

Measurement of Calcaneal Angles and Its Clinical Significance in Han Chinese Adults in Northwest China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xianghui Dong ◽  
ZhanKui Jin ◽  
ZhengMing Sun ◽  
Jing Chen ◽  
YanHai Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Han Chinese ◽  
Radiology Department ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Plain Radiographs ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Ankle Joints

Abstract Objective We aimed to investigate differences in and trends of normal calcaneal angles among Han Chinese adults from different age groups to establish normal reference ranges of calcaneal angles in these age groups, thereby providing a theoretical basis and morphological reference for the treatment of calcaneal fractures. Methods We collected lateral plain radiographs (X-ray) of the normal ankle joints of 6,260 Han Chinese adults who visited the Radiology Department of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital between November 2008 and December 2020 to measure the calcaneal angles, including the Böhler angle (BA), Gissane angle (GA), calcaneal pitch angle (CPA), posterior facet inclination angle (PFIA), and calcaneal-tibial angle (CTA). On this basis, we analyzed the calcaneal angles in different age groups to summarize the characteristics of normal calcaneal angles in Han Chinese adults. Results According to the lateral plain radiographs of the normal ankle joints of 6,260 (male: 3,380; female: 2,880) adults (mean age: 46.3 ± 18.2 ), the mean values of the BA, GA, CPA, PFIA, and CTA were 33.17° ± 6.08°, 114.99° ± 8.17°, 25.67° ± 4.72°, 64.35° ± 8.51°, and 91.59° ± 11.57°, respectively. Results of the Pearson correlation analysis suggested negative correlations between age and both BA and PFIA (P < 0.01, respectively) but a lack of correlation between age and the GA, CPA or CTA (P > 0.05, respectively). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the least significant difference (LSD) test showed that at above the age of 18, there were statistically significant differences both in the BA between different age groups and in the PFIA between different age groups above 41 years old. Conclusion In Han Chinese adults, there are significant differences in BA and PFIA between different age groups, with these calcaneal angles exhibiting a trend of decrease with age.

scholarly journals Metabolic response to different glycemic indexes of pre-exercise meal

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valéria Cristina de Faria ◽  
João Carlos Bouzas Marins ◽  
Gustavo Antônio de Oliveira ◽  
Samuel de Souza Sales ◽  
Fernando Fonseca dos Reis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Rest Period ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Gas Analysis ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Fast Procedure

INTRODUCTION: To ensure performance and health, the type of food and the time of pre-exercise ingestion should be considered by practitioners of morning physical activity. Objective: This study assessed the metabolic response after pre-exercise meals with different glycemic indexes (GI) and in the fasting state adopting different types of hydration.METHODS: Twelve men performed four experimental tests; two with pre-exercise meals of high GI (HGI) and low GI (LGI), and two were performed in the fasting state with hydration: water (H2O) and carbohydrate drink (CHO). Each test consisted of a pre-exercise rest period of 30 minutes followed by 60 minutes of cycle ergometer with continuous load equivalent to 60% of the extrapolated maximal oxygen consumption (VO2MaxExt). During the exercise, participants were hydrated every 15 minutes with 3mL per kg body weight. During each experimental test, venous blood samples were obtained for fasting and at 15-minute intervals during rest, and every 20 minutes during exercise. The gas analysis was carried out in periods of 5 minutes every 20 minutes of exercise.RESULTS: There was no difference in substrate oxidation. After 20 minutes of exercise, pre-exercise food intake procedures showed similar behavior, having only reduced blood glucose levels compared to fasting procedures (p<0.01). There was maintenance of blood glucose at stable and higher levels during exercise in relation to the other tests in the fast procedure with CHO.CONCLUSION: The data suggest that despite the similar metabolic behavior between LGI and HGI meals, the adoption of a LGI meal before the morning exercise seems to be a more suitable feeding practice due to higher tendency of rebound hypoglycemia after HGI meal and when morning exercise is performed on fasting, hydration with CHO seems to minimize the hypoglycemic risk arising from that state.

scholarly journals Active middle-aged men have lower fasting inflammatory markers but the postprandial inflammatory response is minimal and unaffected by physical activity status

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie C. Dixon ◽  
Tina L. Hurst ◽  
Duncan C. S. Talbot ◽  
Rex M. Tyrrell ◽  
Dylan Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Metabolic Response ◽  
Inflammatory Marker ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Mixed Meal ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Postprandial Inflammation

Physical activity modifies some postprandial responses such as glycemic control, although it is unclear whether this translates into lower postprandial inflammation. Our objective in this study was to determine whether postprandial inflammatory markers are lower in active compared with sedentary middle-aged men. Thirteen active and twelve sedentary middle-aged men consumed a mixed meal on one occasion. Blood was taken via a cannula before and up to 8 h after the meal and with a single-use needle before and 8 h after the meal. Active men had lower fasted IL-6 (0.6 ± 0.2 vs. 1.2 ± 0.3 pg/ml; P = 0.004) and C-reactive protein (1.3 ± 0.3 vs. 2.9 ± 0.6 mg/l; P = 0.04) concentrations than sedentary men. Cannula blood IL-6 concentrations increased by 3.49 pg/ml in the 8 h following the meal ( P < 0.001); however, this increase was minimal (0.36 pg/ml) in blood taken via a single-use needle from the contralateral arm ( P = 0.013). The sedentary group had larger glucose ( P = 0.034), insulin ( P = 0.013), and triacylglycerol ( P = 0.057) responses to the meal. These results provide further evidence that physical activity is associated with lower inflammatory marker concentrations in a fasted state and a lower postprandial metabolic response to a meal. However, this does not translate into lower postprandial inflammatory markers since the only evidence of postprandial inflammation (a large increase in serum IL-6) was actually due to the cannula used for blood sampling.

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