Body Composition of Elite Female Players in Five Different Sports Games

Abstract The goal of this study was to identify and compare body composition (BC) variables in elite female athletes (age ± years): volleyball (27.4 ± 4.1), softball (23.6 ± 4.9), basketball (25.9 ± 4.2), soccer (23.2 ± 4.2) and handball (24.0 ± 3.5) players. Fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass, percentage of fat mass (FMP), body cell mass (BCM), extracellular mass (ECM), their ratio, the percentage of BCM in FFM, the phase angle (α), and total body water, with a distinction between extracellular (ECW) and intracellular water, were measured using bioimpedance analysis. MANOVA showed significant differences in BC variables for athletes in different sports (F60.256 = 2.93, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.407). The results did not indicate any significant differences in FMP or α among the tested groups (p > 0.05). Significant changes in other BC variables were found in analyses when sport was used as an independent variable. Soccer players exhibited the most distinct BC, differing from players of other sports in 8 out of 10 variables. In contrast, the athletes with the most similar BC were volleyball and basketball players, who did not differ in any of the compared variables. Discriminant analysis revealed two significant functions (p < 0.01). The first discriminant function primarily represented differences based on the FFM proportion (volleyball, basketball vs. softball, soccer). The second discriminant function represented differences based on the ECW proportion (softball vs. soccer). Although all of the members of the studied groups competed at elite professional levels, significant differences in the selected BC variables were found. The results of the present study may serve as normative values for comparison or target values for training purposes.

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One- and two-year change in body composition as measured by DXA in a population-based cohort of older men and women

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00124.2002 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 94 (6) ◽

pp. 2368-2374 ◽

Cited By ~ 114

Author(s):

Marjolein Visser ◽

Marco Pahor ◽

Frances Tylavsky ◽

Stephen B. Kritchevsky ◽

Jane A. Cauley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Population Based ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Simultaneous Increase ◽

Total Body Mass ◽

Men And Women ◽

Total Body

Changing body composition has been suggested as a pathway to explain age-related functional decline. No data are available on the expected changes in body composition as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in a population-based cohort of older persons. Body composition data at baseline, 1-yr follow-up, and 2-yr follow-up was measured by DXA in 2,040 well-functioning black and white men and women aged 70–79 yr, participants of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. After 2 yr, a small decline in total body mass was observed (men: −0.3%, women: −0.4%). Among men, fat-free mass and appendicular lean soft tissue mass (ALST) decreased by −1.1 and −0.8%, respectively, which was masked by a simultaneous increase in total fat mass (+2.0%). Among women, a decline in fat-free mass was observed after 2 yr only (−0.6%) with no change in ALST and body fat mass. After 2 yr, the decline in ALST was greater in blacks than whites. Change in total body mass was associated with change in ALST ( r = +0.58 to +0.70; P < 0.0001). Among participants who lost total body mass, men lost relatively more ALST than women, and blacks lost relatively more ALST than whites. In conclusion, the mean change in body composition after a 1- to 2-yr follow-up was 1–2% with a high interindividual variability. Loss of ALST was greater in men compared with women, and greater in blacks compared with whites, suggesting that men and blacks may be more prone to muscle loss.

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Accounting for height in indices of body composition during childhood and adolescence

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15280.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 105 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Linda M. O'Keeffe ◽

Abigail Fraser ◽

Laura D. Howe

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Early Life ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Childhood And Adolescence ◽

Total Body Mass ◽

Total Body ◽

Age And Sex

Correlations of body composition with height vary by age and sex during childhood. Standard approaches to accounting for height in measures of body composition (dividing by height (in meters)2) do not take this into account. Using measures of total body mass (TBM), fat mass (FM) and fat free mass (FFM) at ages nine, 11, 13, 15 and 18 years from a longitudinal UK cohort study (ALSPAC), we calculated indices of body composition at each age by dividing measures by height (in meters)2. We then produced age-and sex-specific powers of height using allometric regressions and calculated body composition indices by dividing measures by height raised to these powers. TBM, FM and FFM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 11 in females. In males, TBM and FM divided by height2 were correlated with height up-to age 15 years while FM divided by height2 was correlated with height up-to age 11 years. Indices of body composition using age-and sex-specific powers were not correlated with height at any age. In early life, age-and sex-specific powers of height, rather than height in meters2, should be used to adjust body composition for height when measures of adiposity/mass independent of height are required.

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COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BODY COMPOSITION PARAMETERS IN TEAM SPORTS AND SPRINT TRAINED INDIAN ATHLETES

Journal of Applied Sports Sciences ◽

10.37393/jass.2021.01.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2021) ◽

pp. 3-11

Author(s):

Subhojit Chatterjee ◽

◽

Usra Hasan ◽

Subhra Chatterjee ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Muscle Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Team Sports ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Training Status ◽

Body Cell Mass ◽

Male Athletes ◽

Body Cell

Introduction: Physiological and body composition variables have important role for assessment of training status and evaluation of health status of athletes. Regular monitoring of these variables during training may provide valuable information to coaches for training and selection of players’ training protocol participating in both team sports and individual events. Purpose and objectives of the study: The aims of this study were to compare physiological and body composition variables between male athletes participating in team sports (football) and individual sprint event and also to correlate training duration (both in years and hours per week) of male athletes participating in both team sports as well as sprint with physiological and body composition variables. Applied Methodology: The study was carried out with thirty-year-old (n=30) and BMI matching male Indian athletes participating in team sports (football, n=16) and individual sprint event (n=14), having minimum 2 years of official training. They were in post competitive phase during the test. Several physiological and body composition variables were assessed such as height, weight, body mass index, training age (years), training time (hours/week), fat mass, fat-free mass, body cell mass, muscle mass, VO2 max, maximal power, training intensity and fatigue index following standard protocol. Achieved major results: The sprinters were found to possess significantly more fat free mass (p < .01), body cell mass (p < .01), muscle mass (p < .01), less fat mass (p < .05) and more average anaerobic power (p < .01) than their peers - football players. However, no significant correlation was found between any of the measured physiological and body composition parameters and the training status of these players. Conclusion: This study would provide useful information for assigning training protocols to the athletes participating in team sports and individual sprint events on the basis of physiological and body composition parameters.

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Gender Differences in rhGH-Induced Changes in Body Composition in GH-Deficient Adults

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.86.9.7815 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 86 (9) ◽

pp. 4161-4165 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Jan P. T. Span ◽

Gerlach F. F. M. Pieters ◽

Fred G. J. Sweep ◽

Ad R. M. M. Hermus ◽

Anthony G. H. Smals

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Total Body Water ◽

Body Water ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Rhgh Therapy ◽

Igf I ◽

Total Body

In GH-deficient adults, rhGH has pronounced effects on total body water, fat free mass, and fat mass. Recently, we observed a gender difference in IGF-I responsivity to rhGH that was sex steroid dependent. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of rhGH therapy on body composition parameters with due attention to the gender differences in biological responsiveness to rhGH. Forty-four women [36.9 ± 11.9 yr (mean ± sd)] and 33 men (37.2 ± 13.8 yr) with GH deficiency were studied every 6 months during 2 yr. The treatment goal was to achieve IGF-I levels within the age-adjusted normal range. Total body water, fat free mass, and fat mass were measured by bioimpedantiometry. To reach the treatment goal, the daily rhGH dose (IU/kg/d) had to be significantly higher in women than in men at all time intervals. During rhGH therapy, total body water and fat free mass increased significantly in both men and women (P ≤ 0.01 by ANOVA), but changes were more pronounced in men. Fat mass decreased during rhGH treatment and reached its nadir at 6 months, which was more pronounced in men than in women (P = 0.02 by ANOVA). After the initial decrease, fat mass increased again and reached baseline values after 2 yr of treatment. In both men and women, the total body water and fat free mass increases were closely related to the IGF-I increments (P < 0.001 by Pearson’s correlation test). The decrease in fat mass correlated significantly with the increase in IGF-I in men (r = −0.89, P < 0.001), not in women. Confirming our earlier data, IGF-I responsivity to rhGH was significantly higher in men than in women at all time intervals (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). Total body water and fat free mass responsivities were also higher in men than in women (P < 0.01 by ANOVA). In conclusion, gender differences in IGF-I responsivities to rhGH are accompanied by gender differences in the extent of body composition changes to rhGH. Probably because of these gender differences in IGF-I responsivity, the increases of total body water and fat free mass to rhGH replacement were greater in men than in women. Remarkably, however, in men, only total body water and fat free mass responses relative to changes in IGF-I increased during the 2 yr of rhGH therapy (P= 0.02 and 0.01, respectively, by ANOVA). In our opinion, this phenomenon might be explained by the increasing target organ sensitivity to IGF-I over time.

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The Influence of Body Position on Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements in Young Children

10.21203/rs.3.rs-310989/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jaz Lyons-Reid ◽

Leigh C Ward ◽

Mya-Thway Tint ◽

Timothy Kenealy ◽

Keith M Godfrey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Young Children ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Body Position ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Total Body ◽

Cellular Water ◽

Made In

Abstract Bioelectrical impedance techniques are easy to use and portable tools for assessing body composition. While measurements vary according to standing vs supine position in adults, and fasting and bladder voiding have been proposed as additional important influences, these have not been assessed in young children. Therefore, the influence of position, fasting, and voiding on bioimpedance measurements was examined in children. Bioimpedance measurements (ImpediMed SFB7) were made in 50 children (3.5 years). Measurements were made when supine and twice when standing (immediately on standing and after four minutes). Impedance and body composition were compared between positions, and the effect of fasting and voiding was assessed. Impedance varied between positions, but body composition parameters other than fat mass (total body water, intra- and extra-cellular water, fat-free mass) differed by less than 5%. There were no differences according to time of last meal or void. Equations were developed to allow standing measurements of fat mass to be combined with supine measurements. In early childhood, it can be difficult to meet requirements for fasting, voiding, and lying supine prior to measurement. This study provides evidence to enable standing and supine bioimpedance measurements to be combined in cohorts of young children.

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Body Composition and Leptin/Ghrelin Levels during Lenvatinib for Thyroid Cancer

European Thyroid Journal ◽

10.1159/000504048 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 1-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Simone De Leo ◽

Carla Colombo ◽

Marta Di Stefano ◽

Antonella Dubini ◽

Silvia Cozzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Thyroid Cancer ◽

Kinase Inhibitor ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Impedance Analysis ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Oral Nutritional Supplements ◽

Total Body

Weight loss is one of the most frequent adverse events during treatment with multikinase inhibitors, but scanty data are available on its extent and characteristics. This is the first assessment of the body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis and of circulating leptin and ghrelin levels, in patients with advanced thyroid cancer before and at regular intervals during treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor lenvatinib. Body mass index (BMI) decreased in all patients, with an average ∆ reduction of –6.4, –9.8, and –15.3% at 3, 6, and 12 months of treatment, respectively. Interestingly, in most patients, after the first year of treatment, BMI remained stable. In all patients, fat mass (FM) reduced more than fat-free mass, the highest decrement being of –60 and –16%, respectively. A decrease in the body cell mass, a parameter mainly due to muscle tissue, was observed only in patients with a vast baseline muscular mass. Total body water decreased in parallel to BMI. During treatment, leptin tightly paralleled the decrease of BMI values, consistent with the decrease in FM, whereas ghrelin levels increased upon BMI decrease. The loss of the FM accounts for the largest portion of BMI reduction during lenvatinib treatment. The increase in ghrelin could account for the BMI stabilization observed after 1 year of treatment. Nevertheless, oral nutritional supplements should be given as early as possible and athletic patients should be encouraged to maintain physical activity. In some circumstances, parenteral nutrition is required for the rehabilitation of these patients.

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The influence of body position on bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy measurements in young children

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-89568-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jaz Lyons-Reid ◽

Leigh C. Ward ◽

Mya-Thway Tint ◽

Timothy Kenealy ◽

Keith M. Godfrey ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Impedance Spectroscopy ◽

Young Children ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Body Position ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Total Body ◽

Cellular Water ◽

Made In

AbstractBioelectrical impedance techniques are easy to use and portable tools for assessing body composition. While measurements vary according to standing vs supine position in adults, and fasting and bladder voiding have been proposed as additional important influences, these have not been assessed in young children. Therefore, the influence of position, fasting, and voiding on bioimpedance measurements was examined in children. Bioimpedance measurements (ImpediMed SFB7) were made in 50 children (3.38 years). Measurements were made when supine and twice when standing (immediately on standing and after four minutes). Impedance and body composition were compared between positions, and the effect of fasting and voiding was assessed. Impedance varied between positions, but body composition parameters other than fat mass (total body water, intra- and extra-cellular water, fat-free mass) differed by less than 5%. There were no differences according to time of last meal or void. Equations were developed to allow standing measurements of fat mass to be combined with supine measurements. In early childhood, it can be difficult to meet requirements for fasting, voiding, and lying supine prior to measurement. This study provides evidence to enable standing and supine bioimpedance measurements to be combined in cohorts of young children.

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Classic Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Reference Values for Assessing Body Composition in Male and Female Athletes

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16245066 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (24) ◽

pp. 5066 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Francesco Campa ◽

Catarina Matias ◽

Hannes Gatterer ◽

Stefania Toselli ◽

Josely C. Koury ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Reference Values ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Body Height ◽

Team Sports ◽

Bioelectrical Impedance ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Healthy Population ◽

Male And Female

Bioimpedance standards are well established for the normal healthy population and in clinical settings, but they are not available for many sports categories. The aim of this study was to develop reference values for male and female athletes using classic bioimpedance vector analysis (BIVA). In this study, 1556 athletes engaged in different sports were evaluated during their off-season period. A tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analyzer was used to determine measurements of resistance (R) and reactance (Xc). The classic BIVA procedure, which corrects bioelectrical values for body height, was applied, and fat-free mass, fat mass, and total body water were estimated. In order to verify the need for specific references, classic bioelectrical values were compared to the reference values for the general male and female populations. Additionally, athletes were divided into three groups: endurance, velocity/power, and team sports. In comparison with the general healthy male and female populations, the mean vectors of the athletes showed a shift to the left on the R–Xc graph. Considering the same set of modalities, BIVA confidence graphs showed that male and female endurance athletes presented lower body fluids, fat mass, and fat-free mass than other sets of modalities. This study provides BIVA reference values for an athletic population that can be used as a standard for assessing body composition in male and female athletes.

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Fat and fat-free mass index references in children and young adults: assessments along racial and ethnic lines

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/nqaa128 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 112 (3) ◽

pp. 566-575 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Roman J Shypailo ◽

William W Wong

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Whole Body ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Race Ethnicity ◽

Total Body ◽

Racial Ethnic

ABSTRACT Background Fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) are superior to BMI and fat percentage in evaluating nutritional status. However, existing references fail to account for racial/ethnic differences in body composition among children. Objectives Our goal was to produce age-based normative references for FFMI and FMI in children for specific racial/ethnic groups. Methods Body composition, weight, and height were measured in 1122 normal healthy children aged 2–21 y. Bone mineral content measured by DXA, total body water by deuterium dilution, and total body potassium by whole-body γ counting were combined to calculate fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) using equations based on the Reference Child and Adolescent models. FFMI and FMI were calculated by dividing FFM and FM by height squared, respectively. After outlier removal, the LMS (Lambda-Mu-Sigma) function within R's GAMLSS package was used to produce age-based FFMI and FMI growth curves for black (B), white (W), and Hispanic (H) children for each sex. Combined models were produced in cases where outcomes did not differ by race/ethnicity. Resulting models were compared with previously published FFMI and FMI models. Results FFMI and FMI models based on 1079 children, aged 2–21 y, were created for both sexes. FFMI models for B children showed higher values throughout. W and H children were combined to produce FFMI models for each sex. H boys were modeled individually for FMI, whereas W and B boys were combined. FMI models for girls were created for each race/ethnicity. Models agreed well with those based on children from the United Kingdom of comparable race/ethnicity. Conclusions Race/ethnicity-specific references for FFMI and FMI will increase the accuracy of health and nutrition status assessment in children over race/ethnicity-generic references. The models allow the calculation of SD scores to assess health and nutrition status in children.

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The Role of Somatic Maturation on Bioimpedance Patterns and Body Composition in Male Elite Youth Soccer Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16234711 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (23) ◽

pp. 4711 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Francesco Campa ◽

Analiza Monica Silva ◽

Vincenzo Iannuzzi ◽

Gabriele Mascherini ◽

Luca Benedetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Cell Mass ◽

Point Of View ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Segmental Analysis ◽

Youth Soccer ◽

Soccer Teams ◽

Total Body

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of chronological age (CA) and somatic maturation on body composition (BC) and bioimpedance parameters in male elite soccer players. BC and bioimpedance variables were measured in a sample of 249 players aged 9−18 years of age and registered in two professional Italian soccer teams. Results from segmental analysis showed transition time points where the influence of CA and somatic maturation on bioimpedance patterns and BC characteristics increased or subsided. The accelerated phases were assessed for fat free mass, total body water, and upper muscle area, with a starting time point at approximately −2.00 years from peak at velocity (YPHV), and for body cell mass, whose developmental tempo sped up around −1.00 YPHV. An increase in the rate of development was also observed close to −2.00 YPHV for phase angle (PA), although without accelerated phases. From a CA point of view, significant slope changes were found for all BC and bioimpendance variables, except for the calf muscle area. Although the starting points and the span of the accelerated phases were different, they subsided or disappeared at ~ 15 years, except for PA, whose growth waned at ~ 17 years.

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