Weldability and machinability of the dissimilar joints of Ti alloy and stainless steel – A review

Abstract As two important industrial manufacturing materials, titanium alloys and stainless steel have their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. The field of materials manufacturing has witnessed efforts to develop technical processes that can properly combine these two alloy types, aiming to effectively use their respective advantages. The welding technology for Ti alloy and stainless steel, as a research topic with broad prospects, is comprehensively and deeply analyzed in this review. The current research progress in this field was analyzed from different process perspectives such as fusion welding, brazing, diffusion welding, friction welding, explosive welding and vacuum hot-rolling welding. The results of the review showed that the greatest challenges of fusion welding are low ductility of the material, high residual stress, high cooling rate, and the formation of numerous brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics. By using appropriate intermediate materials between these two materials, the residual stress and brittle intermetallics near the interface of the transition joint can be minimised by solving the thermal expansion mismatch, reducing the bonding temperature and pressure, and suppressing the diffusion of elements such as Ti and Fe.

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Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded titanium alloy and stainless steel joint with composite interlayer

International Journal of Materials Research (formerly Zeitschrift fuer Metallkunde) ◽

10.1515/ijmr-2020-8139 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Yan Zhang ◽

YiDi Gao ◽

JianPing Zhou ◽

DaQian Sun ◽

HongMei Li

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Explosive Welding ◽

Weld Zone ◽

Fusion Welding ◽

304 Stainless Steel ◽

Ti Alloy ◽

Commercially Pure ◽

Welding Interface ◽

Steel Composite ◽

Fe Intermetallics

Abstract In this work, TA2/T2 was used as a composite interlayer to prevent the formation of brittle Ti-Fe intermetallics when joining TC4 Ti alloy to 304 stainless steel. The TA2/T2 (commercially pure Ti and Cu) composite interlayer was prepared by explosive welding. The laser was focused on the TC4-TA2 interface, which joined the TC4 and TA2 by fusion welding. At the TC4-TA2 interface, a weld zone was formed due to the mixing of molten TC4 and TA2. The laser was also focused on the T2-304 stainless steel interface, a weld zone was formed due to the mixing of molten T2 and 304 stainless steel. Composite interlayer TA/T2 was used not only to prevent the formation of Ti-Fe intermetallics during welding but also to improve microstructure and properties of the stainless steel–Ti alloy joint. The joint fractured at the TA2/T2 explosive welding interface with a maximum tensile strength of 428 MPa.

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Vacuum Brazing of Zircaloy-4 and Stainless Steel Using Ag-Cu-Ti Brazing Filler Metal

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.2069 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 602-604 ◽

pp. 2069-2073

Author(s):

Kai Qi ◽

Rui Feng Li

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Reaction Layer ◽

Bonding Temperature ◽

Fusion Welding ◽

Dissimilar Joints ◽

Vacuum Brazing ◽

Welding Processes ◽

Joining Process ◽

Reprocessing Plant ◽

Fuel Reprocessing

Zirconium-based dissolver vessels containing highly radioactive and concentrated corrosive nitric acid solution needs to be joined to the rest of fuel reprocessing plant made of stainless steel(SS), which demands high integrity and corrosion resistant dissimilar joints. Vacuum brazing joining process was proposed in the present work to join zircaloy-4 and 1Cr18Ni9Ti SS since fusion welding processes produce brittle intermetallic precipitates at the interface which reduce the mechanical strength as well as the corrosion resistance of the joint. It is observed that Ag-Cu eutectic phase structure was formed in the brazing seam, a reaction layer exhibited in the interface between zircaloy-4/Ag-Cu-Ti. The concentration of the dendrites increases with an increase in bonding temperature. The width of the reaction layer increases with the increase of the brazing temperature and holding time.

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An Overview of Metallic Materials Fabrication by Direct Energy Deposition

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.882.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 882 ◽

pp. 11-20

Author(s):

P. Azhagarsamy ◽

K. Sekar ◽

K.P. Murali

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Nickel Alloys ◽

Energy Deposition ◽

Functionally Graded ◽

Research Progress ◽

Metallic Materials ◽

Related Factors ◽

Direct Energy Deposition ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Direct Energy

Laser-based Direct Energy Deposition (L-DED) is a very quick and freeform fabrication process. L-DED is useful to fabricate near net shape for engineering applications as well as medical applications. L-DED has been successful in making a variety of pure metals and its alloys for industrial needs. This review paper gives an overview of the research progress in various types of metallic materials like nickel alloys, Stainless Steel (SS), and Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) fabricated by L-DED. Simultaneously, the effects of process parametric related factors also discussed. Introduction about nickel alloys, Stainless Steel, and FGMs relevant findings, and their advantages and disadvantages for these alloys are communicated. The paper shows the metallurgical, mechanical properties, and post-processing effects on L-DED fabricated nickel alloys, SS, and FGMs. This paper will be helpful to the researchers and industrialists and for those who are interested to do research in this field.

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Effect of Diffusion Bonding Temperature on Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of Cp Titanium and High Strength Aluminium Dissimilar Joints

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.495 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 787 ◽

pp. 495-499 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. Dheenadayalan ◽

S. Rajakumar ◽

V. Balasubramanian

Keyword(s):

Diffusion Bonding ◽

Bonding Temperature ◽

High Strength ◽

Holding Time ◽

Diffusion Welding ◽

Dissimilar Joints ◽

Bonding Pressure ◽

Microstructure Characteristics ◽

Lap Shear ◽

Commercially Pure

In this investigation, Commercially Pure (Cp) titanium was diffusion bonded to AA7075-T6 aluminium alloy at various temperatures of 450, 475, 500, 525 and 5500C, bonding pressure of 17, MPa and holding time of 40 minutes was applied during the diffusion bonding. The effects of reaction temperature, Bonding time and atmosphere on the diffusion welding characteristics of titanium and aluminum have been studied. The maximum Lap shear strength was found to be 89 MPa for the specimen bonded at the temperature of 525°C, Bonding Pressure 17 MPa and Holding time for 40 min.

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Diffusion Bonding of Austenitic Stainless Steel 316L to a Magnesium Alloy

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.442.26 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 442 ◽

pp. 26-33 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

W. Elthalabawy ◽

T.I. Khan

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Magnesium Alloy ◽

Diffusion Bonding ◽

Bonding Temperature ◽

Preliminary Investigation ◽

Hold Time ◽

Isothermal Solidification ◽

Fusion Welding ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Bond Interface

Dissimilar metal combinations are often necessary when manufacturing a component in order to meet particular functional and engineering requirements or protect against environmental degradation. Stainless steels are used in a diverse range of applications due to their excellent corrosion resistance, formability and strength. The 316L stainless steel also shows good crashworthiness due to its high strain rate sensitivity which makes it suitable for the transportation industry. The joining together of the 316L steel and AZ31 magnesium alloy cannot be achieved using conventional fusion welding methods and therefore, diffusion bonding using interlayers was used to overcome the differences in their physical properties. The results show that Cu and Ni interlayers form a eutectic with the magnesium which enhances wettability and bond formation through isothermal solidification. The effect of hold time on the microstructural developments across the joint region was studied at a bonding temperature of 530oC and 510oC for the Cu and Ni interlayers respectively using a bonding pressure of 0.2 MPa. This preliminary investigation shows that by increasing the bonding time from 5 to 60 minutes results in a Cu-Mg and Ni-Mg eutectic phase structure forming along the bond interface. By holding the joint at the bonding temperature for 15 minutes initiates isothermal solidification of the joint and this was confirmed by DSC analysis. However, the movement of the solid/liquid interface on solidification pushes intermetallic phases into the center of the bond during the solidification stage. The intermetallics increase the hardness value of the bond interface and lower final bond strengths.

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Diffusion Bonding of Duplex Stainless Steel and Ti Alloy with and without Interlayer

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.9 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 783-786 ◽

pp. 9-14

Author(s):

Subrata Chatterjee ◽

S. Kundu ◽

S. Sam ◽

B. Mishra

Keyword(s):

Stainless Steel ◽

Titanium Alloy ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Duplex Stainless Steel ◽

Nickel Alloy ◽

Diffusion Bonding ◽

Base Alloy ◽

Intermetallic Layer ◽

Bonding Temperature ◽

Ti Alloy

In the present study, the microstructure and strength properties of diffusion bonded joints of duplex stainless steel (SS) to Ti alloy (TiA) with and without nickel alloy (NiA) as an intermediate material was investigated in the temperature range of 800-950°C for 60 mins in vacuum. In the case of directly bonded stainless steel and titanium alloy, the layer wise σ phase and λ+FeTi phase mixture were observed at the bond interface. However, when nickel alloy was used as an interlayer, the interfaces indicate that Ni3Ti, NiTi and NiTi2 are formed at the nickel alloy-titanium alloy interface and the stainless steel-nickel alloy interface is free from intermetallics up to 875°C and above this temperature, Fe-Ti and Fe-Cr-Ti base intermetallics were formed. The irregular shaped particles have been observed within the Ni3Ti intermetallic layer. The joint tensile and shear strength were measured; a maximum tensile strength of ~519.2MPa and shear strength of ~398.3MPa were obtained for direct bonded joint when processed at 875°C. However, when nickel base alloy was used as an interlayer in the same materials at the bonding temperature of 900°C the bond tensile and shear strength increases to ~596.5MPa and ~434.4MPa, respectively. Keywords: Diffusion bonding, intermetallic compounds, interlayer, SEM, XRD

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Residual Stress and Deformation of Butt-Welded Joint of Low Carbon Steel to Stainless Steel

JST: Engineering and Technology for Sustainable Development ◽

10.51316/30.7.2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

pp. 6-11

Author(s):

Tien Duong Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Residual Stress ◽

Stainless Steel ◽

Carbon Steel ◽

Welded Joint ◽

Low Carbon Steel ◽

Fusion Welding ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Single Pass ◽

Stress And Deformation ◽

Residual Stress And Deformation

This paper investigates and determines residual stress and deformation of butt welded joint between two plates of low carbon steel and stainless steel. Based on the theoretical basis of the virtual force method [1-3], this study has constructed the formulas to calculate the residual stress and deformation in fusion welding of two dissimilar materials for butt joint and single-pass weld. The residual stresses and deformations in the butt-welded joint of two plates of 5 mm thickness, beveled edge, single-pass weld between low carbon steel and stainless steel are determined and compared to show the difference of residual stress and deformation in each plate. These results are also compared with the butt welded joint of two low carbon steel plates.

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Recent Patents on Valve Mechanism Device

Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering ◽

10.2174/2212797613666200403141448 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 230-241

Author(s):

Ye Dai ◽

Hui-Bing Zhang ◽

Yun-Shan Qi

Keyword(s):

Nuclear Power ◽

Power Plants ◽

Nuclear Power Plants ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Research Progress ◽

Valve Mechanism ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Valve Structure ◽

Valve Leakage ◽

Safety And Reliability

Background: Valves are an important part of nuclear power plants and are the control equipment used in nuclear power plants. It can change the cross-section of the passage and the flow direction of the medium and has the functions of diversion, cutoff, overflow, and the like. Due to the earthquake, the valve leaks, which will cause a major nuclear accident, endangering people's lives and safety. Objective: The purpose of this study is to synthesize the existing valve devices, summarize and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of various devices from many literatures and patents, and solve some problems of existing valves. Methods: This article summarizes various patents of nuclear-grade valve devices and recent research progress. From the valve structure device, transmission device, a detection device, and finally to the valve test, the advantages and disadvantages of the valve are comprehensively analyzed. Results: By summarizing the characteristics of a large number of valve devices, and analyzing some problems existing in the valves, the outlook for the research and design of nuclear power valves was made, and the planning of the national nuclear power strategic goals and energy security were planned. Conclusion: Valve damage can cause serious safety accidents. The most common is valve leakage. Therefore, the safety and reliability of valves must be taken seriously. By improving the transmission of the valve, the problems of complicated valve structure and high cost are solved.

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