scholarly journals Evaluation of Bee Diversity within Different Sweet Cherry Orchards in the Sultandaği Reservoir (Turkey)

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 13-25
Author(s):  
Yasemin Güler ◽  
Fatih Dikmen ◽  
Ayşe Özdem
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Pollen Transfer ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
Bee Diversity ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Malaise Traps

Abstract Many varieties of sweet cherry are self-incompatible. Therefore, sweet cherry orchards require a huge population of pollinator bees to carry out an adequate amount of pollen transfer between the different varieties. Our study was conducted to evaluate the differences in the richness and diversity of these pollinators within very closely located sweet cherry orchards, and to understand the underlying effects causing these differences. The study was conducted in the Sultandağı Reservoir (Turkey) which covers the towns of Sultandağı (Afyonkarahisar) and Akşehir (Konya). In order to avoid a sampling bias, Malaise traps were used to collect bee samples. Sampling collections were repeated for three years; from 2007 to 2009, between April and May. The traps were set in the bud-swell period and lifted in the green-fruit period. Climatic data were taken from meteorology stations near the orchards. Vegetation in the surrounding areas was also inspected. The composition of pollinator bee species was determined and compared between orchards. In total, 83 bee species and 38 plant species were recorded. It was found that Halictidae is the most abundant and richest group among the pollinator bees. The effects of the quantity of the Malaise traps on bee sampling success were also tested. It was found that one trap per 325 trees is enough for an adequate sampling. Apart from the annual fluctuations of bee richness in the orchards, general differences in the bee diversity among orchards might be affected by the surrounding vegetation and especially from different agricultural practices such as tilling the ground.

Evaluating bee (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) diversity using Malaise traps in coffee landscapes of Costa Rica

2013 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 435-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.T. Ngo ◽  
J. Gibbs ◽  
T. Griswold ◽  
L. Packer
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Habitat Management ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Community Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Native Bees ◽  
Bee Diversity ◽  
Coffee Agroecosystems ◽  
Malaise Traps ◽  
Site Types

AbstractEven though Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica Linnaeus, Rubiaceae) can self-pollinate, bees are important pollinators, without which there is lower fruit quality and yield. We studied bee diversity in coffee agroecosystems in Costa Rica during two coffee flowering seasons (2005 and 2006). Malaise traps were used as a passive sampling method to collect bees during coffee blooms. We collected 1012 bee individuals from three different site types: nonagricultural fields and shaded and unshaded coffee farms. Unshaded coffee farms had significantly higher species richness (S) and number of bee individuals (n) than did the shaded coffee farms and nonagricultural sites. Overall bee diversity did not differ among site types but evenness (J′) was significantly lower in unshaded coffee farms. Using a more detailed community analysis, there was a significant association between functional groups and habitat type with more species and individuals of small-bodied ground-nesting bees (Lasioglossum (Dialictus) Robertson) associated with unshaded coffee farms. A large proportion (49%) of bees collected were of this subgenus, which was never before reported as common in coffee agroecosystems. Further studies should establish whether Dialictus is important in coffee pollination. We propose strategies involving conservation of native bees through simple habitat management for small-scale coffee farms that may improve crop quality and quantity.

scholarly journals Integrated method for cities air temperature estimation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Bernard ◽  
Marjorie Musy ◽  
Isabelle Calmet ◽  
Erwan Bocher ◽  
Pascal Kéravec
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Python Language ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The City

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is defined as the air temperature difference between the city and its surrounding areas. This phenomenon varies spatially (depending on the type of urban fabric constituting each neighborhood) and temporally (depending on the time of the day, on the season and on the weather conditions). This contribution proposes a methodology to model the UHI spatially and temporally using simple models built with free and open sources softwares (orbisGIS and python language). Ten air temperature sensors have been implemented in several neighborhoods of the Nantes urban area (a west coast french conurbation). The difference of UHI is observed and modeled for each of those sites. Spatial differences are modeled according to geographical indicators characterizing the urban surroundings of each temperature station. Temporal variations are modeled according to weather conditions (such as wind speed, solar radiations, etc.) for different time scales : diurnal and nocturnal differences, daily variations and seasonal variations. The objective is to create a method which may be applied for any city in France. Geographical indicators are then calculated with OrbisGIS software from geographical data which are homogeneous and available at the french territory scale. Wheather conditions are recorded by MeteoFrance stations, which follow the same standard for the measurement of climatic parameters all around France. Climatic data analysis and modeling are performed with Python language using libraries such as Pandas and StatsModels. Modeled established according to the Nantes temperature dataset are verificated according to new air temperature networks implemented in the city of Nantes as well as other cities of west France (Angers, La Roche-sur-Yon).

Seasonal Contrast of Land Surface Temperature in Faridabad

2021 ◽  
pp. 217-250
Author(s):  
Swagata Ghosh ◽  
Krishna Vidhata N. ◽  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
Kousik Midya
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface Temperature ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Sustainable Urbanism ◽  
Natural Land ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
Dense Urban Area ◽  
Surrounding Areas

The chapter has highlighted the adverse impact of conversion of natural land cover into urban concrete over inter-seasonal variation of land surface temperature (LST) in Faridabad district which is a major threat for sustainable urbanism. Apart from high LST in the dense urban area built-up in Faridabad city, inter-seasonal variation of LST has been observed in dry deciduous forested areas due to defoliation, fallow land, and over-grazed land in rural surrounding areas. Compared to NDVI, NDBI has significant positive and stable correlation with LST in all seasons (Pearson index: 0.35 to 0.60). Weaker correlation (Pearson index: 0.02 to 0.48) between NDVI and LST accounts for the seasonal impact over NDVI due to defoliation and agricultural practices over the study area. Overall, it can be remarked that image-based spectral indices and thermal band can be used for the evaluating thermal environmental contrast across seasons. Use of in situ measurement with good network of meteorological stations can validate satellite-derived LST better and increase the accuracy of the study.

scholarly journals Effects of vineyard agricultural practices on the diversity of macroinvertebrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 01004
Author(s):  
I.J. Ramos ◽  
J.A. Ribeiro ◽  
D. Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Biodiversity Conservation ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Substantial Part ◽  
Sustainable Practices ◽  
Integrated Production ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Agriculture Management

In Europe, agriculture represents the dominant land use and there is a substantial part of biodiversity associated with those habitats. Therefore, conservation studies should direct to agriculture fields aiming to minimize the biodiversity losses. Vineyards could play a key role in producing win-win solutions for agriculture and biodiversity conservation, as an entrance point of sustainable practices in agriculture management. This study aims to evaluate the influence of different agriculture practices on macroinvertebrate diversity and in the productivity of the vineyards. Comparing these variables, we hope to determine the most sustainable agriculture practices, to suggest conservation measures to enhance sustainability and improve biodiversity in the vineyards. We are comparing Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Hemiptera diversity and levels of productivity in three differently managed vineyards: conventional, organic and integrated production with controlled doses of chemicals (optidose). Macroinvertebrates will be sampled by pitfalls and colour plates. Study area is Herdade dos Pinheiros of Fundação Eugénio de Almeida, in Évora (Alentejo, Portugal). We expect to find higher macroinvertebrates diversity where there is less disturbance, as in the organic vineyard. And the contrary for the conventional. Also, we are expecting to find little diversity of Hemiptera when there are higher levels of Coleoptera and Hymenoptera diversity, because that means biological control is acting. Finally, we hope to find the best agriculture measures to enhance sustainability and improve biodiversity in vineyards and surrounding areas.

scholarly journals First Report of Blossom Blight and Green Fruit Rot of Sweet Cherry Caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Oregon

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 1058-1058
Author(s):  
M. Serdani ◽  
R. A. Spotts
Keyword(s):  
Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum ◽  
Sweet Cherry ◽  
Prunus Avium ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Universal Primer ◽  
First Report ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Symptoms And Signs

During May and June of 2006, ‘Lapins’ sweet cherry (Prunus avium) trees were observed with white fungal growth on blossoms and young fruit in two commercial orchards in central Oregon (Wasco County). Entire blossom clusters and 30% of fruit clusters were affected. Rot on the fruit was firm, light brown, and covered the entire fruit, extending halfway down the pedicel. Affected blossoms were light brown and stuck to adjacent fruit and blossoms. Six disease samples from fruit, four samples from pedicels, and four samples from blossoms were surface sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar acidified with lactic acid ([APDA] 1.5%). A white fungus producing sclerotia measuring 4 to 8 mm in diameter was recovered from all the samples after 10 days on APDA at 25°C. Koch's postulates were satisfied by inoculating green, pea-sized ‘Lapins’ cherry fruit with mycelial plugs colonized by the white fungus. Symptoms and signs similar to those seen in the orchard were produced. The same sclerotium-producing fungus was recovered from all inoculated fruit. The pathogen was identified as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary on the basis of the size of sclerotia and nested PCR using fungal universal primer pair ITS4/ITS5 and S. sclerotiorum-specific primer pair SSFWD/SSREV (2). A negative control, devoid of DNA templates in the reaction mix, was included in the PCR assay. S. sclerotiorum is endemic on wheat in Wasco County. The affected orchards were surrounded by wheat fields in which snow mold disease that is caused by S. sclerotiorum was particularly serious in the spring of 2006 compared with previous years. Rot on cherries was first observed and very severe in May of 2005, with symptoms and signs mainly on leaves of all trees across 45 ha. New symptoms continued to appear on cherry until mid-June. During 2006, most symptoms and signs were on fruit with some leaf spotting. Both years had unusually wet springs with 12.2 cm of rainfall received from April to June 2005 and 12.4 cm from April to June 2006, which is well above the 6.81 cm average for the previous 5 years. S. sclerotiorum causes green fruit rot of stone fruits, including almond, apricot (3), nectarine, and peach (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. sclerotiorum causing blossom blight and green fruit rot on sweet cherry in Oregon. References: (1) K. M. Flint. Green fruit rot. Page 15 in: Compendium of Stone Fruit Diseases. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN, 1995. (2) J. Freeman et al. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 108:877, 2002. (3) R. E. Smith. Phytopathology 31:407, 1931.

Palaeoecological Insights into Agri-Horti-Cultural and Pastoral Practices Before, During and After the Sasanian Empire

2017 ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmila Shumilovskikh ◽  
Morteza Djamali ◽  
Valérie Andrieu-Ponel ◽  
Philippe Ponel ◽  
Jacques-Louis de Beaulieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Peat Bogs ◽  
Pollen Data ◽  
Sasanian Empire ◽  
New Information ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Different Parts

Pollen data obtained from radiocarbon-dated sediments of several peat bogs and lakes located in different parts of Iran and surrounding areas have recently provided invaluable new information on agricultural practices during the Persian empires, from the Achaemenids to the Sasanians. A review of the published and unpublished data has revealed distinct phases of intensified tree cultivation and pastoral activities during this era.

scholarly journals Planting Nonlocal Seed Sources of Loblolly Pine – Managing Benefits and Risks

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clem Lambeth ◽  
Steve McKeand ◽  
Randy Rousseau ◽  
Ron Schmidtling
Keyword(s):  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Rotation Period ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Land Race ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Genetic Strategies

Abstract Seed source testing of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), which began in the 1920s, has allowed large realized genetic gains from using nonlocal seed sources in operational plantations. Seed source testing continues, and deployment guidelines are still being refined. Some general effects of seed source movement can be described, but there are still gaps in (1) understanding exactly how far certain seed sources can be moved, (2) the degree of risk involved, and (3) how certain traits such as wood quality vary by seed source, especially with seed source movement. In some cases, seed source movement gains can be achieved with little risk; for example, planting Livingston Parish, Louisiana material for rust resistance in more easterly Gulf Coastal areas. Also, movement of seed sources one plant hardiness zone north can result in increased growth with little concern for winter damage. Big gains in growth, however, from using nonlocal seed sources may come at significant risk. Two industrial examples of planting nonlocal seed sources and how risks were managed are covered: (1) South-to-north movement: MeadWestvaco's use of loblolly pine north of the native range in Kentucky and surrounding areas, and (2) East-to-west movement: Weyerhaeuser's use of North Carolina coastal plain families in southern Arkansas and southeast Oklahoma. To deal with the significant risks of seed source movements, one must be aware of the risk factors, understand historical climatic data (are the risks high or low within a typical harvest rotation period), and have silvicultural and genetic strategies to mitigate or reduce risk. Possible genetic strategies include thorough testing and allocation of orchard families of the nonlocal seed source, development of a “land race” (breeding and testing for local adaptation of the nonlocal seed source), interprovenance hybrids, and interspecific hybrids. Examples of these are discussed in this article. South. J. Appl. For. 29(2):96–104.

scholarly journals Determining Regional Weather Patterns from a Historical Diary

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jase Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Multiple Scales ◽  
New York State ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
The United States ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Weather And Climate ◽  
Numeric Data

Abstract Prior to the twentieth century, there was a dearth of official local weather and climate observations for much of the United States outside of major cities. Useful information can be gleaned, however, from primary accounts, such as historical diaries kept by farmers and others whose interests were tied to the land. Herman Smith, a farmer in west-central New York State, kept a detailed record of daily life, including weather characteristics such as temperature, precipitation, and wind, for his farm near Covert. Two full years of his diary, 1884 and 1886, were recently published and selected for study. Although typically not numeric data, the lexicon used in the diary to describe relative heat and cold allow Smith’s observations to be analyzed semiquantitatively in order to determine the weather experienced that year including factors affecting the growing season, as well as significant weather and climatic events. The analysis demonstrates that for Covert—located in an area of topographic variability and proximal to the Finger Lakes—microclimatic effects occasionally dominated over the synoptic circulation. This finding was further reinforced by comparison of Smith’s 1886 records with those of a nearby farmer. Meanwhile, Smith’s accounts also establish an inextricable link between his agricultural practices and the weather and climate patterns he observed. These findings underscore the value of acquiring climatic data from nonconventional sources for places and times when reliable data may be nonexistent in order to better understand how climate, and its impacts on the environment, have varied over time, across multiple scales.

scholarly journals Sampling of parasitoid Hymenoptera: influence of the height on the ground

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 19-31
Author(s):  
Ricardo Chan-Canché ◽  
Horacio Ballina-Gómez ◽  
Jorge Leirana-Alcocer ◽  
Santiago Bordera ◽  
Alejandra González-Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Representative Species ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Adequate Sampling ◽  
A Site ◽  
Trap Placement ◽  
Malaise Traps

Parasitoid hymenopterans are a highly diverse group of insects; therefore, the choice of an adequate sampling method becomes important to achieve a representative species richness of a site. The aim of this work is to evaluate the size and diversity of parasitoids in relation to the height of the Malaise trap placement above the ground of a low deciduous forest from Yucatan, Mexico. Parasitoids were collected from September to October 2015, using three Malaise traps at ground level and other three located right above the others, leaving no space between them, at a height of 1.5 m. The collected specimens were identified at family level. A total of 4083 parasitoids belonging to 31 families were collected, representing 93% of the sample’s completeness, according to Jack 1 estimator; with differences in richness and abundance between trap heights according to rarefaction and fixed effects multifactorial ANOVA, respectively. Bethylidae, Braconidae and Ichneumonidae were the most abundant families. Besides, when analyzing the differences of each family by separate, there were significant results for Bethylidae, Diapriidae and Ichneumonidae with more individuals in the traps at ground level than in the raised ones. In a further analysis, the effect of body size on the capture height was observed. The specimens of larger size belonging to the families Bethylidae, Sphecidae, Sclerogibbidae and Evaniidae were more collected at ground level, on the other hand, the larger sized Ichneumonidae were collected at raised level.

scholarly journals Integrated method for cities air temperature estimation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy Bernard ◽  
Marjorie Musy ◽  
Isabelle Calmet ◽  
Erwan Bocher ◽  
Pascal Kéravec
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Python Language ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
The City

Urban Heat Island (UHI) is defined as the air temperature difference between the city and its surrounding areas. This phenomenon varies spatially (depending on the type of urban fabric constituting each neighborhood) and temporally (depending on the time of the day, on the season and on the weather conditions). This contribution proposes a methodology to model the UHI spatially and temporally using simple models built with free and open sources softwares (orbisGIS and python language). Ten air temperature sensors have been implemented in several neighborhoods of the Nantes urban area (a west coast french conurbation). The difference of UHI is observed and modeled for each of those sites. Spatial differences are modeled according to geographical indicators characterizing the urban surroundings of each temperature station. Temporal variations are modeled according to weather conditions (such as wind speed, solar radiations, etc.) for different time scales : diurnal and nocturnal differences, daily variations and seasonal variations. The objective is to create a method which may be applied for any city in France. Geographical indicators are then calculated with OrbisGIS software from geographical data which are homogeneous and available at the french territory scale. Wheather conditions are recorded by MeteoFrance stations, which follow the same standard for the measurement of climatic parameters all around France. Climatic data analysis and modeling are performed with Python language using libraries such as Pandas and StatsModels. Modeled established according to the Nantes temperature dataset are verificated according to new air temperature networks implemented in the city of Nantes as well as other cities of west France (Angers, La Roche-sur-Yon).

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